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DUSP23 is a member of the protein-tyrosine phosphatase family. DUSP23 is a protein phosphatase which facilitates dephosphorylation of phosphorylated proteins on Tyr and Ser/Thr residues. In vitro, DUSP23 dephosphorylate p44-ERK1 (MAPK3) but not p54 SAPK-beta (MAPK10). In addition, DUSP23 enhances activation of JNK and p38(MAPK14).

Galactose-1-Phosphate Uridylyltransferase (GALT) catalyzes the 2nd step of the “Leloir pathway” of galactose metabolism, specifically the conversion of UDP-glucose + galactose-1-phosphate to glucose-1-phosphate + UDP-galactose. The deficiency of the GALT enzyme results in typical galactosemia in humans and may be fatal in the newborn stage if lactose is not eliminated from the diet. Galactosemia pathophysiology has not been clearly defined.

Uridine phosphorylase from Salmonella typhimurium (StUP) catalyzes the reversible phosphorolysis of uridine with the formation of ribose-1-phosphate and uracil.

Luciferase is a general term for the class of oxidative enzymes used in bioluminescence and is distinct from a photoprotein. Luciferase catalyzes a bioluminescent reaction which involves the substrate luciferin as well as Mg2+ and ATP, produces green light with a wavelength of 562 nm. Luciferase from firefly is broadly used as a reporter for studying gene regulation and function, and for pharmaceutical screening.

Luciferase is a general term for the class of oxidative enzymes used in bioluminescence and is distinct from a photoprotein. Luciferase catalyzes a bioluminescent reaction which involves the substrate luciferin as well as Mg2+ and ATP, produces green light with a wavelength of 562 nm. Luciferase from firefly is broadly used as a reporter for studying gene regulation and function, and for pharmaceutical screening.

T7 RNA polymerase active enzyme synthesizes RNA at an increasing degree of that of E. coli RNA polymerase and it terminates transcription often. T7 RNA polymerase is very selective for initiation at its own promoter sequences and is resistant to antibiotics that inhibit E. coli RNA polymerase. In-vitro transcription of mRNA is achieved via bacteriophage T7 RNA polymerase using its ability to produce full-length RNA transcripts with high reliability, thoughT7 RNAP can manufacture as well immunostimulatory by products for example dsRNA which affect protein expression.

Aldolase C Fructose-Bisphosphate (ALDOC) belongs to the class I fructose-bisphosphate aldolase family. ALDOC is a glycolytic enzyme which catalyzes the reversible aldol cleavage of fructose-1,6-biphosphate and fructose 1-phosphate to dihydroxyacetone phosphate and either glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate or glyceraldehydes respectively. ALDOC is expressed exclusively in the hippocampus and Purkinje cells of the brain.

N-acetylneuraminate lyase (NanA) is a member of a family of lyases, specifically the oxo-acid-lyases, which cleave carbon-carbon bonds. NanA catalyzes the cleavage of N-acetylneuraminic acid (sialic acid) to form pyruvate and N-acetyl-D-mannosamine. NanA is inhibited by reduction with NaBH4 in the presence of the substrate, which indicates that it belongs to the Schiff-base-forming Class I aldolases. NanA is strongly inhibited by Cu2+ ions, p-chloromercuribenzoate and N-bromosuccinimide, it is also inhibited competitively by the reaction product, pyruvate, and its structurally related compounds, dihydroxyacetone and DL-glyceraldehyde.

Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase isozyme 2 (FBP2) is a part of the FBPase class 1 family. FBP2 is a gluconeogenesis regulatory enzyme Which catalyzes the hydrolysis of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate to fructose 6-phosphate and inorganic phosphate.

ME2 catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of malate to pyruvate, malat + NAD(P)+? pyruvate + CO2 + NAD(P)H+, and is found both in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. Three different isoforms of ME are known to be in mammalian tissues: a strictly cytosolic NADP+-dependent enzyme, an NADP+-dependent mitochondriail isoform, and a mitochondrial isoenzyme that is able to use both NAD+ and NADP+ but is more effective with NAD+. The mammalian isoforms size is about 62-64 kDa. A native size of 240,000 Da proposes a tetrameric structure for the active enzyme.
Mitochondrial NAD+-dependent ME 2 activity is seen in tissues that experience many cell divisions, like spleen, thymus, and the basal cells of the small intestinal mucosa. ME2 is also expressed all through the rapid cleavage stages of early Xenopus development. Activity for this isoform is low or nonexistent in brain, muscle, and normal and regenerating liver tissue from rat but was observed in rat adrenal cortex, pigeon and human skeletal muscle, and in heart muscle of some species. In addition, it is expressed in mitochondria of all tumor cells inspected to detain ascites tumors, hepatoma cells, and a variety of other tumors and transformed cell lines.

Urokinase (UK) is a serine protease, which is one of biological plasminogen activators.
It is involved in a number of biological functions including fibrinolysis, embryogenesis, cell migration, tissue remodeling, ovulation, and wound healing.
It can be obtained from human urine or kidney cell culture.

Tyrosyl-DNA Phosphodiesterase 2 (TDP2), belongs to the CCR4/nocturin family of divalent cation-dependent phosphodiesterases.TDP2 associates with CD40, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor-75 and TNF receptor associated factors (TRAFs), and inhibits nuclear factor-kappa-B activation. TDP2 is characterized by similar sequence and structure as APE1 endonuclease, which participates in DNA repair and the activation of transcription factors.

Short/branched chain specific acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (ACADSB) belongs to the acyl-CoA dehydrogenase family of enzymes which catalyze the dehydrogenation of acyl-CoA derivatives in the metabolism of fatty acids or branch chained amino acids. ACADSB catalyzes the degradation of L-isoleucine while having the highest affinity for (s)-2-methylbutyryl-CoA, isobutyryl-CoA and 2-methylhexanoyl-CoA as substrates. ACADSB may use valproyl-CoA as substrate. ACADSB gene defects cause the short/branched-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (SBCADD), which is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by an increase of 2-methylbutyrylglycine and 2-methylbutyrylcarnitine in blood and urine.

Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) is a zinc metallopeptidase vital for blood pressure control and salt and water metabolism.ACE converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II by release of the terminal His-Leu which causes the vasoconstrictor activity of angiotensin to increase.ACE inactivates bradykinin, a potent vasodilator and has also a glycosidase activity which releases GPI-anchored proteins from the membrane by cleaving the mannose linkage in the GPI moiety.

Inorganic pyrophosphatase (ppa) is a member of the Ppase family. PPA is an enzyme which catalyzes the conversion of one molecule of pyrophosphate to two phosphate ions. Since this is a highly exergonic reaction, it can therefore be coupled to unfavorable biochemical transformations in order to drive these transformations to completion. The role of the PPA enzyme is a critical one in the lipid metabolism (including lipid synthesis and degradation), calcium absorption and bone formation, DNA synthesis, as well as other biochemical transformations.

MECR catalyzes the reduction of trans-2-enoyl-CoA to acyl-CoA with chain length from C6 to C16 in an NADPH dependent manner with preference to medium chain length substrate. MECR protein takes part in the mitochondrial synthesis of fatty acids.

Enteropeptidase or enterokinase is an enzymeinvolved in human digestion. It is produced by cells in the duodenum wall, and is secreted from duodenum's glands, the crypts of Lieberk?hn, whenever ingested food enters the duodenum from the stomach. Enteropeptidase has the critical job of turning trypsinogen(a zymogen) to trypsin, indirectly activating a number of pancreaticdigestive enzymes.
Enteropeptidase is a serine proteaseenzyme(EC3.4.21.9). Enteropeptidase is a part of the Chymotrypsin-clan of serine proteases, and is structurally similar to these proteins.

Caspase 3 Apoptosis-Related Cysteine Peptidase (CASP3) belongs to the cysteine-aspartic acid protease (caspase) family. Sequential activation of caspases plays a key role in the execution-phase of cell apoptosis. Caspases exist as inactive proenzymes which undergo proteolytic processing at conserved aspartic residues to generate 2 subunits, large and small, that dimerize to create the active enzyme. CASP3 protein cleaves and activates caspases 6, 7 and 9, and the protein itself is processed by caspases 8, 9 and 10. CASP3 is the leading caspase involved in the cleavage of amyloid-beta 4A precursor protein, which is linked with neuronal death in Alzheimer's disease. In addition, CASP3 is involved in the cleavage of huntingtin. CASP3 also cleaves and activates sterol regulatory element binding proteins (SREBPs) between the basic helix-loop-helix leucine zipper domain and the membrane attachment domain. CASP3 initiates cell adhesion in sympathetic neurons through RET cleavage.

Adenosine Kinase is an abundant enzyme in mammalian tissues which catalyzes the transfer of the gamma-phosphate from ATP to adenosine, thus is as a regulator of concentrations of both extracellular adenosine and intracellular adenine nucleotides. Adenosine has extensive effects on the cardiovascular, nervous, respiratory, and immune systems and inhibitors of the enzyme take a crucial pharmacological part in growing intravascular adenosine concentrations and acting as anti-inflammatory agents.

Mimitin (NDUFAF2) is a member of the complex I NDUFA12 subunit family.NADH dehydrogenase is an enzyme located in the inner mitochondrial membrane, which catalyzes the transfer of electrons from NADH to coenzyme Q (CoQ). NDUFAF2 is the "entry enzyme" of oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondria. Mimitin protein functions as a molecular chaperone for mitochondrial complex I assembly.

CNDP Dipeptidase 1, also known as CNDP1 is a member of the peptidase M20A family. CNDP1 Mannheim which is the shortest allelic form has been more common in the absence of nephropathy in addition to being associated with lower serum carnosinase levels. Furthermore, Carnosine inhibited the increased production of fibronectin as well as collagen type VI in podocytes and the increased production of TGF-beta in mesangial cells. Diabetic patients with the CNDP1 Mannheim variant are less at risk for nephropathy. In addition, on renal cells carnosine protects against the adverse effects of high glucose levels.

Aminomethyltransferase, mitochondrial isoform 1 (AMT) is a component of the glycine cleavage system termed T-protein. AMT reversibly catalyzes the degradation of the aminomethyl moiety of glycine attached to the lipoate cofactor of H-protein, leading to the production of ammonia, 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate, and dihydrolipoate-bearing H-protein in the presence of tetrahydrofolate.

Platelet-activating Factor Acetylhydrolase 1b Catalytic Subunit 3 (PAFAH1B3) is a member of the 'GDSL' lipolytic enzyme family. Acetylhydrolase catalyzes the elimination of an acetyl group from the glycerol backbone of platelet-activating factor. PAFAH1B3, which is a subunit of the platelet-activating factor cetylhydrolase isoform 1B complex, is comprised of the catalytic beta and gamma subunits and the regulatory alpha subunit. The PAFAH1B3 complex has an imperative role during the development of brain.