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ICOS (inducible T-cell costimulatory) belongs to the CD28 family of immune-assisted stimulatory receptors. ICOS forms homodimers and takes a significant part in immune responses, cell-cell signaling, as well as regulation of cell proliferation. The interaction of B7-H2 / ICOS takes a vital role in T-cell differentiation, T-B cell interaction in addition to humoral immune response is essential for the formation of reproductive centers as well as the production of cytokine IL-4. Moreover, ICOS is more effective in inducing IL-10 production, a cytokine which is important for the inhibitory function of T regulatory cells. The ICOS-B7RP-1 and B7-1 / B7-2-CD28 / CTLA-4 pathways offer a significant second signal which can regulate the inhibition, activation and fine regulation of T-lymphocyte responses. ICOS stimulates the production of Th1 and Th2 cytokines, however it can also participate in the generation of Th2 cells.

Deoxyribonuclease I Bovine (bDNase), an enzyme which selectively cleaves DNA. Bovine Dnase is an endonuclease enzyme which splits phosphodiester linkages within polynucleotides, acting primarely on single stranded DNA (ssDNA), double stranded DNA (ddDNA) and chromatin. Dnase is activated by bivalent metals such as Mg+2 and Ca+2 .
Dnase enzymes are common reagents used in biochemical methods requiring diestion of DNA and recovery of RNA, or where DNA is to be removed without affecting structural proteins or enzymes. Dnase enzymes are also used in tissue culture to digest DNA from damaged cells, resulting in reduced viscosity, and for removal of membrane-bound DNA fragments.

Core 1 Beta3-Gal-T1 also known as,C1GALT1 creates the common core 1 O-glycan structure, Gal-beta-1-3GalNAc-R, by the transfer of Gal from UDP-Gal to GalNAc-alpha-1-R. Core 1 is a precursor for lots of extended mucin-type O-glycans on cell surface and secreted glycoproteins. Studies in mice have shown that this gene takes a main role in angiogenesis, thrombopoiesis and kidney homeostasis.

Luciferase is a general term for the class of oxidative enzymes used in bioluminescence and is distinct from a photoprotein. Luciferase catalyzes a bioluminescent reaction which involves the substrate luciferin as well as Mg2+ and ATP, produces green light with a wavelength of 562 nm. Luciferase from firefly is broadly used as a reporter for studying gene regulation and function, and for pharmaceutical screening.

Ribonuclease 3 (RNASE3) is cytotoxin and helminthotoxin with low-efficiency ribonuclease activity. RNASE3 possesses a broad diversity of biological activities. RNASE3 protein has shown antibacterial activity such as cytoplasmic membrane depolarization of preferentially Gram-negative and Gram-positive strains and promotes E. coli outer membrane detachment, alteration of the overall cell shape and partial loss of cell content.

Phospholysine phosphohistidine inorganic pyrophosphate phosphatase (LHPP) belongs to the HAD-like hydrolase superfamily. LHPP is an exceptional enzyme which hydrolyzes not only oxygen-phosphorus bonds in inorganic pyrophosphate but also nitrogen-phosphorus bonds in phospholysine, phosphohistidine and imidodiphosphate in vitro. LHPP is expressed in the liver, kidney and moderately in the brain.

tRNA aspartic acid methyltransferase 1 (TRDMT1) is a member of the C5-methyltransferase family. TRDMT1 specifically methylates cytosine 38 in the anticodon loop of tRNA(Asp). TRDMT1 is a protein responsible for the methylation of aspartic acid transfer RNA, particularly at the cytosine-38 residue in the anticodon loop. In addition, the TRDMT1 enzyme has residual DNA-(cytosine-C5) methyltransferase activity. TRDMT1 is expressed ubiquitously; however it has a higher expression in the testis, ovary and thymus and at much lower levels in the spleen, prostate, colon, small intestine, and peripheral blood leukocytes. Though similar in sequence and structure to DNA cytosine methyltransferases, the TRDMT1 gene is distinctive and extremely conserved in its function between taxa.

Sepiapterin Reductase is an aldo-keto reductase that catalyzes the NADPH-dependent reduction of pteridine derivatives and is essential in the biosynthesis of BH4. Mutations in Sepiapterin Reductase gene result in DOPA-responsive dystonia due to sepiaterin reductase deficiency defined by the presence of sustained involuntary muscle contractions, often leading to abnormal postures. Sepiapterin reductase is part of the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase family which reduces exogenous carbonyl compounds as well as phenylpropanedione. Sepiapterin reductase is an important enzyme for the biosynthesis of tetrahydrobiopterin, an necessary cofactor for aromatic amino acid hydrolases together with tyrosine hydroxylase, the rate-limiting enzyme in DOPA synthesis.

Inositol Monophosphatase Domain Containing 1 or IMPAD1 is a protein, part of the inositol monophosphatase group of proteins. The protein is found in Golgi apparatus and enhances phosphoadenosine phosphate hydrolysis to adenosine monophosphate. When Mutation in the IMPAD1 gene occurs leads to GRAPP type chondrodysplasia and therefore joint dislocations. On long arm chromosome 1 a pseudogene can be found.

Peptide methionine sulfoxide reductase A (msrA) is an enzyme which catalyzes the reversible oxidation-reduction of methionine sulfoxide in proteins to methionine. MSRA may have a significant function as a repair enzyme for proteins which have been inactivated by oxidation.

Luciferase is a general term for the class of oxidative enzymes used in bioluminescence and is distinct from a photoprotein. Luciferase catalyzes a bioluminescent reaction which involves the substrate luciferin as well as Mg2+ and ATP, produces green light with a wavelength of 562 nm. Luciferase from firefly is broadly used as a reporter for studying gene regulation and function, and for pharmaceutical screening.

ASRGL1 is a 308 amino acid protein which is a member of the Ntn-hydrolase family. ASRGL1 is an autoantigenic protein which is present in the mid-piece of sperm after obstruction of the male reproductive tract. ASRGL1 is expressed highly in the testis, but is also expressed in the brain, kidney and gastrointestinal tissues. High levels of ASRGL1 are also detected in ovarian, uterine and mammary tumors in comparison with normal tissues of the same origin.

IGF-2 is a member of the insulin family of polypeptide growth factors that is involved in development and growth. It is an imprinted gene and is expressed only from the paternally inherited allele. It is a candidate gene for eating disorders. There is a read-through, INS-IGF2, which aligns to this gene at the 3' region and to the upstream INS gene at the 5' region. Two alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding the same protein have been found for this gene.

METTL1 is recognized as tRNA (guanine-N(7)-)-methyltransferase that is a part of the methyltransferase superfamily. METTL1 displays high sequence similarity to yeast ORF YDL201w and can be inactivated by phosphorylation. METTL1 protein has a conserved S-adenosylmethionine-binding motif and ccatalyzes the formation of N(7)-methylguanine at position 46 (m7G46) in tRNA.

PGLS is an enzyme in the second step pentose phosphate pathway. 6-Phosphogluconolactonase is crucial for the synthesis of nucleotide sugars and NADPH, the key cause for decreasing power. PGLS transforms 6-phosphogluconolactone to 6-phosphogluconate.

Inorganic pyrophosphatase (ppa) is a member of the Ppase family. PPA is an enzyme which catalyzes the conversion of one molecule of pyrophosphate to two phosphate ions. Since this is a highly exergonic reaction, it can therefore be coupled to unfavorable biochemical transformations in order to drive these transformations to completion. The role of the PPA enzyme is a critical one in the lipid metabolism (including lipid synthesis and degradation), calcium absorption and bone formation, DNA synthesis, as well as other biochemical transformations.

CA, also known as carbonic anhydrase is an enzyme. Its main function revolves around the CO2 + H2O HCO3- + H+ (conversion of carbon dioxide to bicarbonate & protons). CA has a zinc ion in its active site. The main function of CA is to keep acid-base balance in the blood stream and various tissues. This enzyme also assists Carbonic Anhydrase I to move CO2 to and from tissues.

NAGAT (ABO) is a member of the glycosyltransferase 6 family. The ABO protein is the basis of the ABO blood group system and related to the first discovered blood group system, ABO. The allele that is present in an individual determines the blood group. The histo-blood group ABO is comprised of 3 carbohydrate antigens: A, B, and H. A, B, and AB individuals express a glycosyltransferase activity which converts the H antigen to the A antigen (by addition of UDP-GalNAc) or to the B antigen (by addition of UDP-Gal), whereas O individuals are deficient of such activity.

Napsin A Aspartic Peptidase, also known as NAPSA is a member of the peptidase A1 family. NAPSA is involved in the processing of pneumocyte surfactant precursors. Furthermore the activation peptides of aspartic proteinases take part as inhibitors of the active site. These peptide segments/pro-parts are considered essential for correct folding, targeting, as well as control of the activation of aspartic proteinase zymogens. The pronapsin A gene is expressed mostly in lung and kidney. In addition, NAPSA translation product is expected to be a fully functional, glycosylated aspartic proteinase precursor which contains an RGD motif as well as an additional 18 residues at its C-terminus.

Farnesyl-Diphosphate Farnesyltransferase 1, also known as FDFT1 is a membrane-associated enzyme sited at a branch point in the mevalonate pathway. FDFT1belongs to the phytoene/squalene synthase family. FDFT1 is the 1st specific enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis, which catalyzes the dimerization of 2 molecules of farnesyl diphosphate in a two-step reaction to form squalene.

Phosphoglycolate phosphatase (PGP) is discovered in all tissues including red cells, lymphocytes and cultured fibroblasts (at protein level). PGP is most active in skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle. The catalytic activity of PGP is 2-phosphoglycolate + H2O = glycolate + phosphate. Diseases associated with PGP include tardive dyskinesia and polycystic kidney disease.

CNDP Dipeptidase 1, also known as CNDP1 is a member of the peptidase M20A family. CNDP1 Mannheim which is the shortest allelic form has been more common in the absence of nephropathy in addition to being associated with lower serum carnosinase levels. Furthermore, Carnosine inhibited the increased production of fibronectin as well as collagen type VI in podocytes and the increased production of TGF-beta in mesangial cells. Diabetic patients with the CNDP1 Mannheim variant are less at risk for nephropathy. In addition, on renal cells carnosine protects against the adverse effects of high glucose levels.

GALE is an enzyme that participates as the third enzyme in the Leloir pathway of galactose metabolism. GALE is a homodimeric epimerase localized in bacterial, plant, and mammalian cells. GALE inhances the reverse chemical reaction, the conversion of UDP-glucose to UDP-galactose. UDP-galactose builds galactose-containing proteins and fats, which have a crucial part in chemical signaling, building cellular structures, transporting molecules, and producing energy.

Aldolase C Fructose-Bisphosphate (ALDOC) belongs to the class I fructose-bisphosphate aldolase family. ALDOC is a glycolytic enzyme which catalyzes the reversible aldol cleavage of fructose-1,6-biphosphate and fructose 1-phosphate to dihydroxyacetone phosphate and either glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate or glyceraldehydes respectively. ALDOC is expressed exclusively in the hippocampus and Purkinje cells of the brain.