Apo D Human

Apo D Human

Apolipoprotein

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  • Name :

    Apo D Human

    Description:

    Apolipoprotein-D Human Recombinant

    Apolipoprotein D, Apo-D, ApoD.

    Product # :

    CYT-547

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Description

Apolipoprotein-D Human Recombinant His Tag fusion protein at C-terminus (7 highlighted a.a.) produced in E.Coli is a single, non-glycosylated, Polypeptide chain containing 174 amino acids and having a molecular mass of 19.82kDa. The protein a.a sequence corresponds to the UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot entry P05090.The Following gene modifications were made:Trp99His, Cys116Ser, Ile118Ser, Leu120Ser amino acids exchanges were introduced at the surface of Apolipoprotein-D to enhance the protein’s solubility and another three Leu23Pro, Pro133Val, Asn134Ala amino acids exchanges which facilitate its genetic manipulation. The Apolipoprotein-D is purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.

Source

Escherichia Coli.

Formulation

Filtered (0.4µm) and lyophilized from 1mg/ml in 4mM KH2PO4, 16mM Na2HPO4 and 115mM NaCl pH 7.5.

Purity

Greater than 90% as determined by SDS-PAGE.

More Info

  • Introduction

    Apolipoprotein-D is mainly associated with high density lipoproteins in human plasma. Apolipoprotein-D is an atypical apolipoprotein and, based on its primary structure, Apolipoprotein-D is a member of the lipocalin family. Lipocalins adopt a beta-barrel tertiary structure and transport small hydrophobic ligands. Apolipoprotein-D binds cholesterol, progesterone, pregnenolone, bilirubin and arachidonic acid.
    Apolipoprotein-D is expressed in numerous tissues having high levels of expression in spleen, testes and brain. Apolipoprotein-D is present at high concentrations in the cyst fluid of women with gross cystic disease of the breast, a condition associated with increased risk of breast cancer. Apolipoprotein-D accumulates in regenerating peripheral nerves and in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with neurodegenerative conditions, such as Alzheimer's disease. Apolipoprotein-D participates in maintenance and repair within the central and peripheral nervous systems. Apolipoprotein-D is a multi-ligand, multi-functional transporter and transports a ligand from 1 cell to another within an organ, scavenge a ligand within an organ for transport to the blood or could transport a ligand from the circulation to specific cells within a tissue.

  • Synonyms

    Apolipoprotein D, Apo-D, ApoD.

  • Physical Appearance

    Filtered White lyophilized (freeze-dried) powder.

  • Stability

    Store lyophilized protein at -20°C. Aliquot the product after reconstitution to avoid repeated freezing/thawing cycles. Reconstituted protein can be stored at 4°C for a limited period of time; it does not show any change after two weeks at 4°C.

  • Solubility

    It is recommended to add deionized H2O to a working volume of 0.5mg/ml and let the lyophilized pellet dissolve completely. Product is not sterile! Please filter this product by an appropriate sterile filter before using it in the cell culture.

  • Amino Acid Sequence

    FHLGKCPNPP VQENFDVNKY PGRWYEIEKI PTTFENGRCI QANYSLMENG KIKVLNQELR ADGTVNQIEG EATPVNLTEP AKLEVKFSWF MPSAPYHILA TDYENYALVY SCTSISQSFH VDFAWILARN VALPPETVDS LKNILTSNNI DVKKMTVTDQ VNCPKLSAHHHHHH.

  • Background

    Apolipoprotein-D Human Recombinant: Illuminating the Role of a Multifaceted Lipid-Binding Protein

    Abstract:


    Apolipoprotein-D (ApoD), a multifunctional lipid-binding protein, has emerged as a fascinating player in lipid metabolism and neuroprotection. This research paper aims to provide an insightful overview of ApoD human recombinant, exploring its physiological functions, production methods, and potential therapeutic applications. By unraveling the complexities of ApoD, we gain valuable insights into its role in lipid homeostasis and its potential as a therapeutic target for neurodegenerative diseases. This article presents a concise yet comprehensive analysis of ApoD, humanizing its significance in the context of human health.

    Introduction:


    Understanding the intricate mechanisms underlying lipid metabolism and neuroprotection is crucial for the development of novel therapeutic strategies. ApoD, a versatile protein expressed in various tissues, offers unique insights into these areas. This paper delves into the multifaceted nature of ApoD, shedding light on its significance in lipid homeostasis and neuronal health.

    Structure and Function of Apolipoprotein-D:


    ApoD exhibits a complex molecular structure, comprising distinct domains that facilitate its binding to lipids and other biomolecules. It engages in diverse functions, including lipid transport, antioxidant defense, and modulation of neuroinflammatory responses. The versatility of ApoD underscores its pivotal role in maintaining cellular and tissue integrity.

    Regulation of Apolipoprotein-D Expression:


    The expression of ApoD is subject to intricate regulatory mechanisms influenced by hormonal and environmental cues. Understanding the factors governing ApoD expression provides valuable insights into its physiological roles and potential therapeutic applications.

    Apolipoprotein-D and Neurodegenerative Diseases:


    Growing evidence implicates ApoD in neuroprotection, particularly in the context of neurodegenerative diseases. ApoD exhibits neuroprotective properties by modulating oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation, and inflammatory responses, making it an intriguing target for therapeutic interventions.

    Production of Apolipoprotein-D Human Recombinant:


    Advanced biotechnological approaches, including recombinant DNA technology and protein expression systems, enable the production of ApoD human recombinant. These methods facilitate large-scale production, purification, and characterization of ApoD, paving the way for potential therapeutic applications.

    Therapeutic Potential of Apolipoprotein-D Human Recombinant:


    Targeting ApoD holds promise for the development of therapeutics aimed at neurodegenerative diseases. Modulating ApoD expression or function may provide neuroprotection, enhance neuronal survival, and mitigate the progression of neurodegenerative disorders.

    Conclusion:


    Apolipoprotein-D human recombinant represents a captivating area of research, bridging the fields of lipid metabolism and neurodegeneration. Understanding the intricate interplay between ApoD, lipid homeostasis, and neuroprotection is crucial for unraveling its full therapeutic potential. Continued investigation into the functions and mechanisms of ApoD will likely lead to novel therapeutic strategies for neurodegenerative diseases.

    What is the molecular weight/Mw of APO D Protein?
    APO D Protein has a total Mw of 19.82kDa.

    What is the source or expression system of APO D Protein?
    Escherichia Coli.

    What is the Purity of APO D Protein?
    APO D Protein is >90% pure as determined by SDS-PAGE.

    What is the Biological Activity of APO D Protein?
    The biological functionality of APO D Protein will be determined in the future.

    What is the amino acid sequence of APO D Protein?
    FHLGKCPNPP VQENFDVNKY PGRWYEIEKI PTTFENGRCI QANYSLMENG KIKVLNQELR ADGTVNQIEG EATPVNLTEP AKLEVKFSWF MPSAPYHILA TDYENYALVY SCTSISQSFH VDFAWILARN VALPPETVDS LKNILTSNNI DVKKMTVTDQ VNCPKLSAHHHHHH.

    What applications can APO D Protein be used in?
    APO D Protein can probably be used in western blot, ELISA and Lateral Flow.

    What is the endotoxin level for APO D Protein?
    The endotoxin level is minimal, APO D Protein was purified using conventional chromatography techniques.

ProSpec's products are furnished for LABORATORY RESEARCH USE ONLY. The product may not be used as drugs, agricultural or pesticidal products, food additives or household chemicals.

Apo D Human

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Frequently asked questions

1. Which company offers Recombinant cytokines at competitive prices?

ProSpec offers vast array of cytokines such as Interferon-alpha | Interleukin-2 | TNF-alpha | BMP-2 and much more at affordable descent prices to meet academic budgets.
ProSpec provides High Purity cytokines for 30 years, purity exhibits 95% or more by SDS-PAGE gel.
Cytokines are in stock for immediate delivery via FedEx which enables scientists and researchers to perform immediate experiments.
Cytokines are shipped globally using ProSpec’s custom tailored Styrofoam insulated box and premium ice packs that ensure maximum protein stability during transit to your laboratory.

2. Where can i find biologically active cytokines?

ProSpec offers biologically functional cytokines such as Adiponectin | Cardiotrophin | Beta Defensin which are rigorously tested in-vitro to provide researchers world wide BioActive Cytokines.

3. What is the activity validation method for Cytokines?

ProSpec uses cell-based bioassays that measures the biological activity, for example:
Adiponectin is validated using AMPK phosphorylation assay, glucose uptake assay.
Angiopoietin is validated using Endothelial tube formation assay, Tie2 phosphorylation assay.
Apolipoprotein is validated using Lipid-binding assay, receptor-binding assay.
Beta Defensin is validated using Antimicrobial assay.
Betacellulin is validated using Cell proliferation assay (EGFR-positive cells).
Bone Morphogenetic Protein is validated using Alkaline phosphatase induction assay.

4. Is the cytokine full length or partial?

The cytokine proteins are both full length and partial while majority of them are active mature proteins rather than a full-length precursor. ProSpec active mature proteins exhibits higher expression yields, better stability, Easier purification and Equivalent biological activity as full length precursor.

5. Is the cytokine monomeric or dimeric form?

This depends on the cytokine. ProSpec cytokines are supplied in the native biologically active oligomeric state, which can be monomeric, dimeric, trimeric, or even multimeric since because receptor binding and biological activity often depend on correct oligomerization.
The interleukin and interferon protein family are usually provided as monomer proteins though adiponectin and TNFSF8 are supplied as homodimers.

6. What is the cytokine purity and how was it determined?

The cytokine purity ranges from high purity of ≥95% to premium grade ≥97%.
ProSpec uses SDS-PAGE Coomassie Blue Staining as the primary purity method which Visualizes protein bands. Some SDS-PAGE gels are stained with Silver Stain. Other analytical methods include RP-HPLC [ High-resolution purity determination ] , SEC-HPLC for the detections of aggregates and fragments and Western Blot to confirm cytokine identity.

7. Is the cytokine sequence verified?

The amino acid sequence verification is performed at DNA & protein level.
Sanger DNA Sequencing verifies the expression plasmid having correct coding.
LC-MS is used to verify the molecular weight of the final purified cytokine
Prospec also uses Edman N-terminal Sequencing to determine the amino-terminal sequence.

8. What is the endotoxin level in cytokines and how do you test LPS ?

ProSpec cytokines are tested for endotoxin also named LPS [ lipopolysaccharide ] which is found in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria which can affect cytokine secretion, cell proliferation and stem cell.
ProSpec measures endotoxin using the Limulus Amebocyte Lysate [ LAL ] assay such as Gel-Clot.
ProSpec standard Endotoxin level for cytokines is usually <1 EU/ug.
What Does "EU" Mean? EU = Endotoxin Units

9. Is there host cell protein contamination?

There might be a minor existence of host-cell proteins post chromatography purification and quality-control procedures that greatly minimize these impurities. ProSpec tests host-cell protein levels by SDS-PAGE silver staining, or mass spectrometry.

10. Is the protein tested in vitro, in-vivo cell culture, stem cells, T cells, ELISA, western blot?

PoSpec Growth Factors proteins are usually tested for biological activity and identity, while some proteins are not though supported by literature and customer experience. Interleukins are tested in T-cell, NK-cell, PBMC, stem cell culture. Interferons are tested in Antiviral assays, immune-cell activation, TNFA proteins are tested in Apoptosis, inflammation and immune studies. ProSpec does not conduct in-vivo or animal injections experiments in house or our source.