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R-Spondin-1 (Rspo1) is a part of the Rspondin family. Rspo1 plays a role as an activator of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway by acting as a ligand for LGR4-6 receptors. Rspo1 induces the onset of crypt cell proliferation and increases intestinal epithelial healing effect. Rspo1 is negatively regulating the TGF-beta pathway.

R-spondin-3 (RSPO3) belongs to the thrombospondin type 1 repeat supergene family. RSPO3 is a secreted protein which is widely expressed in many tissues. RSPO3 contains 2 Furin-like repeats which have been found in various eukaryotic proteins involved in the mechanism of signal transduction by receptor tyrosine kinases, and one TSP type-1 domain. RSPO3 acts as an activator of the beta-catenin signaling cascade, initiating TCF-dependent gene activation.

SPON1 is a cell adhesion protein which take part in the regulation of protein binding activity, regulation of protein processing and regulation of amyloid precursor protein catabolic mechanism. SPON1 is found in the extracellular space and it co-localizes with collagen-containing extracellular matrix. SPON1 stimulates the attachment of spinal cord and sensory neuron cells and the outgrowth of neurites in vitro.

PMSG Hormone is a well know used hormone together with progestogen to increase ovulation just before to artificial insemination. PMSG hormone is a placental glycoprotein produced from the serum of pregnant mares. PMSG comprises of an alfa subunit and a beta subunit. PMSG hormone is secreted from endometrial cups within the pregnant mare uterus aging from 40 to 130 days into their maturation, and once extracted, it can been used to promote artificially estrus in female animals. These assemblies produce PMSG hormone to induce mare's ovarian and repsouctive structures. PMSG can induce the growth of follicles by ovaries and results in ovulatation. PMSG hormone has an about a 4 day half-life of bioactivity in species other than horses. The extended biological activity can cause ovarian stimulation and ovulation. However, PMSG use alone often causes cystic ovarian disease because of the unrestrained ovarian stimulation and due to the sugar molecules which decrease clearance of the hormone. PMSG is more likely to be used than other pituitary hormones due to the extended circulatory half-life. PMSG solely exhibits luteinizing hormone like activity, however in other animal classes it has FSH & LH like activity.

Thrombospondin-1 (TSP1) is a member of the Thrombospondin family and is encoded by the gene THBS1 which is a subunit of a disulfide-linked homotrimeric protein. Thrombospondin-1 is an adhesive glycoprotein that mediates cell-to-cell and cell-to-matrix interactions. Thrombospondin-1 can bind to fibrinogen, fibronectin, laminin, type V collagen and integrins alpha-V/beta-1. TSP1 has been shown to play roles in platelet aggregation, angiogenesis, and tumorigenesis. TSP1 has been shown to be a natural inhibitor of neovascularization and tumorigenesis in healthy tissue. TSP1 interacts with no less than 12 cell adhesion receptors, including CD36, av integrins, b1 integrins, syndecan, and integrin-associated protein (IAP or CD47). It also interacts with various proteases involved in angiogenesis, including plasminogen, matrix metalloproteinase, thrombin, cathepsin, and elastase. Positive and negative modulation of endothelial cell adhesion, motility, and growth are attributed to TSP1. Recently, thrombospondin-1 was found to bind to the reelin receptors, ApoER2 and VLDLR, in so doing affecting neuronal migration in the rostral migratory stream.

Thrombospondin-4 (THBS4) is a member of the thrombospondin protein family. This family members are adhesive glycoproteins that mediate cell-to-cell and cell-to-matrix interactions. THBS4forms a pentamer and binds to heparin and calcium. Among them THBS4binds a variety of matrix proteins including Collagens I, II, III, V, Laminin‑1, Matrilin‑2 and Fibronectin. THBS4 is up‑regulated in the spinal cord following peripheral nerve injury where it contributes to presynaptic hypersensitivity and hyperalgesia and is also up‑regulated in muscle following denervation.

Decorin (DCN) is a small cellular or pericellular matrix proteoglycan which is closely related in structure to biglycan protein. Decorin is a secreted protein which binds to collagen and fibronectin in extracellular matrix. Decorin appears in different glycoforms, substituted with chondroitin sulfate or dermatan sulfate consistent with the original tissue. DCN contains one attached glycosaminoglycan chain. Decorin influences the rate of fibril formation. Decorin is capable of suppressing the growth of various tumor cell lines. DCN gene defects cause corneal dystrophy. The DCN gene is a candidate gene for Marfan syndrome.

SNUPN is a nuclear import adaptor protein which is part of the Snurportin family.
SNUPN is Localized to the cytoplasm and nucleus and contains an N-terminal IBB domain and a trimethylguanosine (m3G)-cap binding domain. SNUPN binds specifically the terminal 2,2,7-m3G-cap at the 5'' end of U snRNPs and is involved in transport of U snRNPs into the nucleus through an association with Importin β.

BDNF promotes the survival of neuronal populations that are all located either in the central nervous system or directly connected to it. BDNF is a major regulator of synaptic transmission and plasticity at adult synapses in many regions of the cns. The versatility of BDNF is emphasized by its contribution to a range of adaptive neuronal responses including long-term potentiation (ltp), long-term depression (ltd), certain forms of short-term synaptic plasticity, as well as homeostatic regulation of intrinsic neuronal excitability.

The somatomedins, or insulin-like growth factors (IGFs), comprise a family of peptides that play important roles in mammalian growth and development. IGF1 mediates many of the growth-promoting effects of growth hormone (GH; MIM 139250). Early studies showed that growth hormone did not directly stimulate the incorporation of sulfate into cartilage, but rather acted through a serum factor, termed 'sulfation factor,' which later became known as 'somatomedin' (Daughaday et al., 1972). Three main somatomedins have been characterized: somatomedin C (IGF1), somatomedin A (IGF2; MIM 147470), and somatomedin B (MIM 193190) (Rotwein, 1986; Rosenfeld, 2003).

Testican-3 (Spock3) is a nervous system-expressed heparan sulfate proteoglycan belonging to a subgroup of the BM-40/SPARC/osteonectin family, whose role of in brain development is unclear. Spock3 inhibits the processing of pro-matrix metalloproteinase 2(MMP-2) by MT1-MMP and MT3-MMP. Spock3 is mostly confined to the developmental stage of the brain.

RPA-interacting protein isoform d (RPAIN) is a single-stranded-DNA binding protein which participates in various eukaryotic DNA processes such as replication, repair and recombination. RPAIN interacting protein has been indicated as an adapter protein that is involved in RPA nuclear import instead of the prototypical importin proteins that normally mediate nuclear import. RPAIN is mainly expressed in pancreas, kidney, muscle, liver, lung, placenta, brain, heart, leukocytes, colon, intestine, ovary, testis, prostate, thymus and spleen.

Decorin (DCN) is a small cellular or pericellular matrix proteoglycan which is closely related in structure to biglycan protein. Decorin is a secreted protein which binds to collagen and fibronectin in extracellular matrix. Decorin appears in different glycoforms, substituted with chondroitin sulfate or dermatan sulfate consistent with the original tissue. DCN contains one attached glycosaminoglycan chain. Decorin influences the rate of fibril formation. Decorin is capable of suppressing the growth of various tumor cell lines. DCN gene defects cause corneal dystrophy. The DCN gene is a candidate gene for Marfan syndrome.

Streptavidin is a tetrameric protein secreted by Streptomyces avidinii which binds firmly to biotin. Streptavidin is widely used in molecular biology through its unique high affinity for the vitamin biotin. The dissociation constant (Kd) of the biotin-streptavidin complex is about ~10-15 mol/L. The strong affinity recognition of biotin and biotinylated molecules has made streptavidin one of the most important components in diagnostics and laboratory kits. The streptavidin/biotin system has one of the biggest free energies of association of yet observed for noncovalent binding of a protein and small ligand in aqueous solution (K_assoc = 10**14). The complexes are also extremely stable over a wide range of temperature and pH.

Cathepsin D is synthesized as a 54kDa precursor, which is proteolytically processed to an intermediate 48kDa single chain, which matures into more stable 34kDa and 14kDa two chain form. It is an estrogen-regulated lysosomal protease that has been suggested to facilitate cancer cell migration and invasion by digesting the basement membrane, extracellular matrix, and xonnective tissue. Because of its mitogenic and proteolytic activities, it has been implicated as a prognostic marker in many tumor types. Cathepsin D is expressed in epithelial cells as well as in macrophages.

SCAND1 is a part of a family of genes which encode an isolated SCAN domain. SCAN domain containing 1 has one SCAN box domain and has no zinc finger motif, which distinct this protein from almost all other SCAN domain containing proteins. SCAND1 is a nuclear protein that takes a part in the mechanism of transcription regulation. SCAND1 is extensively expressed in high levels in the kidney, thyroid, liver, prostate and testis.

Wheat Gliadin and related gluten components from barley, rye and possibly oats can cause an abnormal immune response called Celiac disease which is a chronic gastrointestinal disorder. Celiac disease characteristics are flattening of the jejunal mucosa and intestinal lesions of variable severity in hereditarily inclined individuals. Even though Celiac disease is not a classic autoimmune disease it is related to anti-tissue transglutaminase antibodies and gliadin antibodies tests are most recommended in screening populations at risk for CD and other gluten-sensitive enteropathies. In the past, serologic tests for gliadin antibodies usually were not very precise and were not enough for accurate diagnosis due to missing deamidated epitopes within the authentic gliadin fraction traditionally used in diagnostic test kits. ProSpec's deamidated Gliadin isoform matches to the deamidated neo-epitopes, which in the natural antigen are formed by transglutaminase-mediated glutamine side chain deamidation.

Wheat Gliadin and related gluten components from barley, rye and possibly oats can cause an abnormal immune response called Celiac disease which is a chronic gastrointestinal disorder. Celiac disease characteristics are flattening of the jejunal mucosa and intestinal lesions of variable severity in hereditarily inclined individuals. Even though Celiac disease is not a classic autoimmune disease it is related to anti-tissue transglutaminase antibodies and gliadin antibodies tests are most recommended in screening populations at risk for CD and other gluten-sensitive enteropathies. In the past, serologic tests for gliadin antibodies usually were not very precise and were not enough for accurate diagnosis due to missing deamidated epitopes within the authentic gliadin fraction traditionally used in diagnostic test kits. ProSpec's deamidated Gliadin isoform matches to the deamidated neo-epitopes, which in the natural antigen are formed by transglutaminase-mediated glutamine side chain deamidation.

HSPA9 is part of the heat shock protein 70 family which contains both heat-inducible and constitutively expressed members that are also called heat-shock cognate proteins. HSPA9 encodes a heat-shock cognate protein that is involved in the control of cell proliferation and acts as a chaperone. HSPA9 was restricted to chromosome 5, band q31, a region that is often deleted in myeloid leukemias and myelodysplasia (MDS), making it a candidate tumor suppressor gene, which is consistent with the biological function of its murine homologue. HSPA9 supresses nuclear translocation, transcriptional activation, and control of centrosome-duplication functions of p53.

Speckle-type POZ protein (SPOP) belongs to the Tdpoz family containing one N-terminal MATH (Meprin and TRAF homology) domain and one C-terminal BTB/POZ domain. SPOP inhibits IPF1/PDX1 transactivation of established target promoters, may be by recruiting a repressor complex. SPOP is involved in ubiquitinylation and protein degradation as a result of an interaction with CUL-3.

40S ribosomal protein S5 (RPS5) is a ribosomal protein, which is a member of the ribosomal protein S7P family.Ribosomes, which are the organelles that catalyze protein synthesis, composed of a small subunit and a large subunit that comprise of over 80 distinct ribosomal proteins. RPS5 is a 204 amino acid component of the 40S complex. RPS5 proteins exist as multiple processed pseudogenes which are scattered throughout the genome. RPS5 is expressed at varying amounts in colorectal cancer cells, proposing a possible role in carconigenesis.

Recoverin is a member of the recoverin family of neuronal calcium sensors. Recoverin is a heterogeneously acylated calcium-binding and intracellular signal transduction 23kDa protein in the photoreceptor cells of retina. Recoverin contains four EF-hands, of which two bind Ca. Ca-induced extrusion of the acyl group from a hydrophobic cleft in the protein drives the translocation of recoverin from solution to the disc membrane. Recoverin may prolong the termination of the phototransduction cascade in the retina by blocking the phosphorylation of photo-activated rhodopsin. Recoverin plays a key role in the inhibition of rhodopsin kinase, a molecule that regulates the phosphorylation of rhodopsin. This in due course controls the ability of the eye to adapt to, and recover from, exposure to the presence of light. Recoverin is a detectable serologic protein that is expressed in patients with cancer-associated retinopathy, a paraneoplastic syndrome.

The life cycle of Toxoplasma gondii has two phases. The coccidia like takes place only in members of the Felidae family which makes these animals the parasite's primary host. The asexual part of the life cycle can take place in any warm-blooded animal, like other mammals(including felines) and birds. T. gondii constructing daughter scaffolds within the mother cell. In the intermediate hosts (including felines), the parasite invades cells, forming intracellular so-called parasitophorous vacuoles containing bradyzoites, the slowly replicating form of the parasit. Vacuoles form tissue cysts mainly within the muscles and brain. Since they are within cells, the host's immune system does not detect these cysts. Resistance to antibiotics varies, but the cysts are very difficult to eradicate entirely. Within these vacuoles T. gondii propagates by a series of binary fissions until the infected cell eventually bursts and tachyzoites are released. Tachyzoites are the motile, asexually reproducing form of the parasite. Unlike the bradyzoites, the free tachyzoites are usually efficiently cleared by the host's immune response, although some manage to infect cells and form bradyzoites, thus maintaining the infection.

Ribosomal Protein 4X (RPS4X) is ribosomal protein S4, a component of the 40S subunit which is a part from the S4E family of ribosomal proteins. Ribosomal protein S4 is the only ribosomal protein known to be encoded by more than one gene, that is RPS4X and ribosomal protein S4, Y-linked (RPS4Y). Both isoforms encoded by these genes are not the same, but are functionally alike.