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Uromodulin is the most abundant protein in normal urine. Its secretion in urine follows proteolytic cleavage of the ectodomain of its glycosyl phosphatidylinosital-anchored counterpart that is situated on the luminal cell surface of the loop of Henle. Uromodulin plays a role as a constitutive inhibitor of calcium crystallization in renal fluids. Secretion of uromodulin in urine provides protection against urinary tract infections caused by uropathogenic bacteria. Defects in Uromodulin expression are associated with the autosomal dominant renal disorders medullary cystic kidney disease-2 (MCKD2) and familial juvenile hyperuricemic nephropathy (FJHN). These disorders are characterized by juvenile onset of hyperuricemia, gout, and progressive renal failure. While several transcript variants may exist for this gene, the full-length natures of only two have been described to date. UMOD is involved in regulating the circulating activity of cytokines as it binds to il-1, il-2 and tnf with high affinity.

Uromodulin is the most abundant protein in normal urine. Its secretion in urine follows proteolytic cleavage of the ectodomain of its glycosyl phosphatidylinosital-anchored counterpart that is situated on the luminal cell surface of the loop of Henle. Uromodulin plays a role as a constitutive inhibitor of calcium crystallization in renal fluids. Secretion of uromodulin in urine provides protection against urinary tract infections caused by uropathogenic bacteria. Defects in Uromodulin expression are associated with the autosomal dominant renal disorders medullary cystic kidney disease-2 (MCKD2) and familial juvenile hyperuricemic nephropathy (FJHN). These disorders are characterized by juvenile onset of hyperuricemia, gout, and progressive renal failure. While several transcript variants may exist for this gene, the full-length natures of only two have been described to date. UMOD is involved in regulating the circulating activity of cytokines as it binds to il-1, il-2 and tnf with high affinity.

Uromodulin is the most abundant protein in normal urine. Its secretion in urine follows proteolytic cleavage of the ectodomain of its glycosyl phosphatidylinosital-anchored counterpart that is situated on the luminal cell surface of the loop of Henle. Uromodulin plays a role as a constitutive inhibitor of calcium crystallization in renal fluids. Secretion of uromodulin in urine provides protection against urinary tract infections caused by uropathogenic bacteria. Defects in Uromodulin expression are associated with the autosomal dominant renal disorders medullary cystic kidney disease-2 (MCKD2) and familial juvenile hyperuricemic nephropathy (FJHN). These disorders are characterized by juvenile onset of hyperuricemia, gout, and progressive renal failure. While several transcript variants may exist for this gene, the full-length natures of only two have been described to date. UMOD is involved in regulating the circulating activity of cytokines as it binds to il-1, il-2 and tnf with high affinity.

Uromodulin (Tamm–Horsfall protein) is produced mainly by cells in the kidney’s thick ascending limb and is the most abundant protein in normal urine.
Uromodulin takes part in salt and water regulation, helps prevent urinary tract infections and kidney stones, and influences inflammation and immune activity in the kidney.
Reduced Uromodulin levels is associated with chronic kidney disease.
UMOD mutations causes unproper protein folding and thus transported incorrectly, resulting in its accumulation inside kidney tubular cells that damages the tubules and cause kidney disease (ADTKD-UMOD), associated with high uric acid, gout, and progressive kidney failure.

OXM a 37 amino acid peptide which contains the glucagon sequence extended by a C-terminal basic octapeptide, its primary structure is identical in all mammals except in pig and cattle. OXM is released from the gut during digestion, together with glicentin another octapeptide containing molecule. It is considered as a putative physiological regulator of gastric acid secretion, it inhibits histamine.

PMSG Hormone is a well know used hormone together with progestogen to increase ovulation just before to artificial insemination. PMSG hormone is a placental glycoprotein produced from the serum of pregnant mares. PMSG comprises of an alfa subunit and a beta subunit. PMSG hormone is secreted from endometrial cups within the pregnant mare uterus aging from 40 to 130 days into their maturation, and once extracted, it can been used to promote artificially estrus in female animals. These assemblies produce PMSG hormone to induce mare's ovarian and repsouctive structures. PMSG can induce the growth of follicles by ovaries and results in ovulatation. PMSG hormone has an about a 4 day half-life of bioactivity in species other than horses. The extended biological activity can cause ovarian stimulation and ovulation. However, PMSG use alone often causes cystic ovarian disease because of the unrestrained ovarian stimulation and due to the sugar molecules which decrease clearance of the hormone. PMSG is more likely to be used than other pituitary hormones due to the extended circulatory half-life. PMSG solely exhibits luteinizing hormone like activity, however in other animal classes it has FSH & LH like activity.

URM1 is ubiquitin-related modifier 1 homolog protein which mainly functions in the post-translational modification of proteins via the urmylation pathway. Urm1 covalently binds to its E1 activating enzyme, Uba4p, to conjugate alkyl hydroperoxide reductase (Ahp1) as determined by studies with Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It has been theorized that this complex may then have a role in the oxidative-stress response in mammals.

Oncomodulin is a member of the superfamily of calmodulin proteins, otherwise known as the EF-hand proteins. It is a high-affinity calcium ion-binding protein. Oncomodulin is an oncodevelopmental protein which is found in early embryonic cells in the placenta and also in tumors.

Tropomodulin 3 (TMOD3) is a member of the tropomodulin family. TMOD3 prevents the elongation and depolymerization of the actin filaments at the pointed end. Actin cytoskeleton regulation by filament capping proteins is essential to many dynamic cellular functions. TMOD3 functions as a negative regulator of cell migration; nevertheless the processes behind its cellular functions are unknown. The Tmod/TM complex influences the formation of the short actin protofilament, which sequentially outlines the geometry of the membrane skeleton.

UFM1 is a ubiquitin-like protein which is conjugated to target proteins by E1-like activating enzyme UBA5 and E2-like conjugating enzyme UFC1 in a manner equivalent to ubiquitylation. UFM1 localizes principally to the nucleus, but is also present in diffuse amounts in the cytoplasm. UFM1 is expressed in a variety of tissues, including kidney, brain, heart, liver and lung.

Thrombomodulin, also referred to THBD, is an endothelial cell-expressed, transmembrane glycoprotein that can form a complex with the coagulation factor, thrombin. This complex increasethe activation of protein C in the anticoagulant pathway by forming a 1:1 stoichiometric complex with thrombin. Thrombomodulinbound thrombin has procoagulant effect at the same time by inhibiting fibrinolysis by cleaving thrombinactivatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI) into its active form. Reduced levels of thrombomodulin or increased serum levels of THBD can correlate with pathogenesis of certain cardiovascular diseases, such as atherosclerosis and thrombosis. Furthermore, it associated with, diabetes mellitus, liver cirrhosis, cerebral & myocardial infarction, and multiple sclerosis.

Ipamorelin is a peptide selective agonist of the ghrelin/growth hormone secretagogue receptor and a growth hormone secretagogue. Ipamorelin is a pentapeptide that was derived from GHRP1. Ipamorelin significantly increases plasma growth hormone levels in both animals and humans. Like pralmorelin and GHRP-6, ipamorelin does not affect prolactin, FSH, LH or TSH levels. However, unlike GHRP2 and GHRP6, but as growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH), ipamorelin does not stimulate the secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) or cortisol, and is highly selective for inducing the secretion only of GH.

Leuprorelin (INN) or leuprolide acetate (USAN) is a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRH agonist).
By causing constant stimulation of the pituitaryGnRH receptors, it initially causes stimulation (flare), but thereafter decreases pituitary secretion (downregulation) of gonadotropins luteinizing hormone(LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone(FSH).
Like other GnRH agonists, leuprolide may be used in the treatment of hormone-responsive cancers such as prostate canceror breast cancer, estrogen-dependent conditions (such as endometriosisor uterine fibroids), to treat precocious puberty, and to control ovarian stimulation in IVF.

Uroplakin 2 (UPK2) is one of the proteins of the highly urothelium-specific integral membrane proteins of the asymmetric unit membrane which forms urothelium apical plaques in mammals. The asymmetric unit membrane is thought to strengthen the urothelium by preventing cell rupture during bladder distention. The UPK2 protein is expressed in the peripheral blood of bladder cancer patients with transitional cell carcinomas.

Otubain 1 (OTUB1) belongs to the ovarian tumor (OUT) superfamily of predicted cysteine proteases and inhibits cytokine gene transcription in the immune system through its interaction with a ubiquitin protease and E3 ubiquitin ligase. OTUB1 is a highly specific ubiquitin iso-peptidase, it cleaves ubiquitin from branched poly-ubiquitin chains but not from ubiquitinated substrates. OTUB1 is believed to work in specific ubiquitin-dependent pathways, possibly by providing an editing function of polyubiquitin chain growth. OTUB1 is a hydrolase that removes conjugated ubiquitin from proteins in vitro and may therefore have a significant regulatory role in the level of protein turnover by preventing degradation. Additionally, OTUB1 is a regulator of T-cell anergy, a phenomenon that occurs when T-cells are rendered impassive to antigen re-challenge and no longer respond to their cognate antigen. OTUB1 acts via its interaction with RNF128/GRAIL, which is an essential inductor of CD4 T-cell anergy.

UPK3A is a member of the uroplakin-3 family. Uroplakins (UP) which are transmembrane proteins are important components of the urothelium that pass the lipid bilayer once (UPII, UPIIIa, and UPIIIb) or four times (UPIa and UPIb; both members of the "tetraspanin" family). All hold great luminal/extracellular domains, but only UPIIIa and UPIIIb have significant cytoplasmic shares in their C-termini. UPK3A is an extremely specific and moderately sensitive immunohistochemical marker for primary and metastatic urothelial carcinomas. Alterations in this gene are related to renal adysplasia.

Uroporphyrinogen III synthase (UROS) is an enzyme involved in the 4th step of porphyrin metabolism and in the conversion of hydroxymethyl bilane into uroporphyrinogen III. Defects in the UROS protein can cause molecular lesions which lead to the autosomal recessive Gunther disease, otherwise known as congenital erythropoietic porphyria (CEP).

The acute phase plasma protein ORM1 synthesized by the liver mediates the interaction between blood cells and endothelial cells. In addition, together with haptoglobin and C reactive protein, ORM1 regulates the extravasation of the cells through infection and inflammation. Expression of ORM1 is induced by acute-phase stimulatory mediators such as bacterial lipopolysaccharides.

Thymosin is a hormone secreted from the thymus. Its primary function is to stimulate the production of T cells, which are an important part of the immune system. Thymosin also assists in the development of B cells to plasma cells to produce antibodies. The predominant form of thymosin, thymosin b4, is a member of a highly conserved family of actin monomer-sequestering proteins. b-thymosins are the primary regulators of unpolymerized actin, and are essential for maintaining the small cytoplasmic pool of free G-actin monomers required for rapid filament elongation and allowing for the flux of monomers between the thymosin-bound pool and F-actin.

Pramlintide acetate is a hormone that is released into the bloodstream, in a similar pattern as insulin. Pramlintide aids in the absorption of glucose by slowing gastric emptying, promoting satiety, and inhibiting inappropriate secretion of glucagon, a catabolic hormone that opposes the effects of insulin.

UROD is the fifth enzyme in the human heme biosynthetic pathway and is in charge for the transfer of uroporphyrinogen to coproporphyrinogen through the deletion of four carboxymethyl side chains. UROD Mutations and deficiency result in 3 autosomal disorders in humans: familial porphyria cutanea tarda (f-PCT), sporadic porphyria cutanea tarda (s-PCT) and hepatoerythropoietic porphyria (HEP).

Ubiquitin D (UBD) is an ubiquitin-like modifier (UBL) of the ubiquitin protein family. UBD is an ubiquitin-like protein which can form covalent conjugates, thus targeting proteins for degradation by the 26S proteasome. It is assumed that, UBD has roles in regulation of cell cycle, innate immunity, and apoptosis. UBD is a TNF-a inducible ubiquitin-like protein with a presumed role in the immune response.

Goserelin is a hormone similar to the one normally released from the hypothalamus gland in the brain (GnRH super-agonist). It is used to treat for prostate and breast cancer.
Goserelin decreases the amount of estrogen and testosterone by this treating endometriosis and cancer of the breast, and can help thin the uterus lining before surgery. Goserelin prevents the growth of tissue associated with endometriosis.
Reducing the amount of testosterone is one way of treating prostate cancer.