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SYT13 belongs to the great synaptotagmin protein family which contain 2 domains: cytoplasmic C terminus with two tandem C2 domains (C2A and C2B) and extracellular N-terminal transmembrane domain. Synaptotogmin family members have dissimilar biochemical properties and developmental profiles, and patterns of tissue distribution. Additionally, Synaptotogmins formulate homo- and heteromeric complexes with each other. Synaptotagmins operate as membrane traffickers in multicellular organisms.

Cytokeratin 8 (KRT8) belongs to the type II keratin family clustered on the long arm of chromosome 12. Type I and type II keratins heteropolymerize to form intermediate-sized filaments in the cytoplasm of epithelial cells. KRT8 typically dimerizes with keratin 18 to form an intermediate filament in simple single-layered epithelial cells. KRT8 has a role in retaining cellular structural integrity and also functions in signal transduction and cellular differentiation. KRT8 gene mutations cause cryptogenic cirrhosis.

CKB is a cytoplasmic enzyme that takes part in energy homeostasis. CKB enzyme reversibly catalyzes the transfer of phosphate among ATP and various phosphogens such as creatine phosphate. CKB functions as a homodimer in the brain as well as in different tissues, and as a heterodimer with a similar muscle isozyme in heart. Creatine kinases supply the energy of phosphate hydrolysis essential to drive the normal role of many cellular systems including muscle, tumor and cancer cells.

CKS1B protein which binds to the catalytic subunit of cyclin dependent kinases is vital for their biological function. The CKS1B mRNA is expressed in HeLa cells during the course of cell cycle in several forms which suggests that the encoded protein has a particular function. Two transcript variants were identified for this gene however it seems that only one of them encodes a protein.

Vaspin (visceral adipose-specific SERPIN) is a newly identified adipokine, which is a member of serine protease inhibitor family. Vaspin is also a unique insulin sensitizing adipocytokine in obesity. A recent publication indicates that induction of human vaspin mRNA expression in adipose tissue is regulated in a fat depot-specific manner and could be associated with parameters of obesity, insulin resistance, and glucose metabolism.

MAPK13 belongs to the MAP kinase family. MAP kinases perform as an incorporation point for various biochemical signals. MAP kinases take part in an extensive range of cellular courses like differentiation, development, transcription regulation and proliferation. MAPK13 is phosphorylated by MKK6 as a reaction to cytokines and cellular stresses.

The 14-3-3 family of proteins plays a key regulatory role in signal transduction, checkpoint control, apoptotic and nutrient-sensing pathways. 14-3-3 proteins are highly conserved and ubiquitously expressed. There are at least seven isoforms, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ? and ? that have been identified in mammals. The 14-3-3 tau, a subtype of the 14-3-3 family of proteins, was found in T Cells, brain and testes. This 14-3-3 tau is upregulated in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

Serum-and glucocorticoid-regulated kinase (SGK1) is a serine/threonine protein kinase and a member of the “AGC” subfamily, which includes protein kinases A, G, and C. The SGK1 protein has an imperative role in activating specific potassium, sodium and chloride channels, suggesting a participation in the regulation of processes such as cell survival, neuronal excitability, and renal sodium excretion. SGK1 is activated in vitro by PDK-1 (3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase-1) and in vivo in reaction to signals which activate phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase.

Serine peptidase inhibitor Kazal type 7 (SPINK7) which includes one Kazal-like domain is most likely serine protease inhibitor. Diseases linked with SPINK7 include esophageal cancer, and oral squamous cell carcinoma

NTRK2 plays a role in the growth and the development of the central and the peripheral nervous systems using the regulation of neuron proliferation, migration, survival, differentiation, and synapse production. NTRK2 is a receptor for B-DNF and NT4. NTRK2 binds to neurotrophin-3 which regulates neuron survival through NTRK2. NTRK-2 activates numerous effectors such as SHC-1, SH2B-1, PLCG-1 and SH2B-2 that control overlapping signaling cascades.

Thrombopoietin or TPO or MGDF, is a protein (glycoprotein hormone) that can be found in the liver and kidney tissues. TPO regulates the creation of platelets. The protein enhances the production & differentiation of cells such as megakaryocytes that are part of the bone marrow cells that secretes a wide number of platelets. The cellular development process that ends up in the production of platelet calls (Megakaryocytopoiesis). Humoral growth factor is needed for the megakaryocyte proliferation & maturation of megakaryocyte, not apart from thrombopoiesis.

NCALD belongs to the neuronal calcium sensor (NCS) family. NCALD is cytosolic at inactive calcium levels; but, high intracellular calcium levels induce a conformational transformation which exposes the myristoyl group, causing protein association with membranes and partial co-localization with the perinuclear trans-golgi network. NCALD protein is a regulator of signal transduction by G protein-coupled receptor.

NEK7, protein kinase, has a vital role in mitotic cell cycle progression. It is essential for microtubule nucleation activity of the centrosome, robust mitotic spindle formation and cytokinesis. NEK7 is greatly expressed in lung, muscle, testis, brain, heart, liver, leukocyte and spleen.

Dual-Specificity Tyrosine-(Y)-Phosphorylation Regulated 1A (DYRK1A) belongs to the dual-specificity tyrosine phosphorylation-regulated kinase (DYRK) family. DYRK1A includes a nuclear targeting signal sequence, a leucine zipper motif and a protein kinase domain. DYRK1A catalyzes its autophosphorylation on serine/threonine and tyrosine residues and takes part in a signaling pathway regulating cell proliferation. DYRK1A has a substrate preference for proline at position P+1 and arginine at position P-3.

TARC cDNA encodes a 94 amino acid precursor protein with a 23 amino acid residue signal peptide that is cleaved off to generate the 71 amino acid residue mature secreted protein. Along with CC chemokine family members, CCL-17 has approximately 24-29% amino acid sequence identity with RANTES, MIP-1a, MIP-1b, MCP-1, MCP-2, MCP-3 and I-309. TARC is expressed in thymus, and at a lower level in the lung, colon, and small intestine. TARC is in addition transiently expressed in stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Recombinant TARC has been shown to be chemotactic for T cell lines but not monocytes or neutrophils. CCL-17 was recently identified to be a specific functional ligand for CCR4, a receptor that is selectively expressed on T cells. CCL17 is one of quite a few Cys-Cys (CC) cytokine genes clustered on the q arm of chromosome 16. CCL17 shows chemotactic activity for T lymphocytes, but not monocytes or granulocytes. CCL17 binds to chemokine receptors CCR4 and CCR8. This chemokine plays important roles in T cell development in thymus as well as in trafficking and activation of mature T cells.

Calcium/Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase II Inhibitor 2 (CAMK2N2) is a protein coding gene which regulates cell growth when overexpressed in colon adenocarcinoma LoVo cells. CAMK2N2 plays a role as a cellular inhibitor of CaM-kinase II (CAMK2).

THAP domain-containing protein 1 (THAP1) is a 213 amino acid protein which is restricted to the nucleoplasm and contains one THAPtype zinc finger, a conserved DNA-binding domain. THAP1 is a DNA-binding transcription regulator which regulates endothelial cell proliferation and G1/S cell-cycle progression. In addition, THAP1 has a pro-apoptopic activity by potentiating both serum-withdrawal and TNF-induced apoptosis. THAP1 protein colocalizes with the apoptosis response protein PAWR/PAR-4 in promyelocytic leukemia (PML) nuclear bodies, and serves as a proapoptotic factor which connects PAWR to PML nuclear bodies.

Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 3 (CDKN3) is a member of the dual specificity protein phosphatase family. CDKN3 was identified as a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, and was shown to interact with, and dephosphorylate CDK2 kinase, consequently prevent the activation of CDK2 kinase. In addition CDKN3 is important in cell cycle regulation. The CDKN3 gene was reported to be deleted, mutated, or overexpressed in several kinds of cancers.

Clusterin also named Apolipoprotein J (APO-J) is a 75-80 kD disulfide-linked heterodimeric protein containing about 30% of N-linked carbohydrate rich in sialic acid but truncated forms targeted to the nucleus have also been identified.
The precursor polypeptide chain is cleaved proteolytically to remove the 22-mer secretory signal peptide and subsequently between residues 227/228 to generate the a and b chains. These are assembled in anti-parallel to give a heterodimeric molecule in which the cysteine-rich centers are linked by five disulfide bridges and are flanked by two predicted coiled-coil a-helices and three predicted amphipathic a-helices.
Across a broad range of species clusterin shows a high degree of sequence homology ranging from 70% to 80%. It is nearly ubiquitously expressed in most mammalian tissues and can be found in plasma, milk, urine, cerebrospinal fluid and semen.
It is able to bind and form complexes with numerous partners such as immunoglobulins, lipids, heparin, bacteria, complement components, paraoxonase, beta amyloid, leptin and others. Clusterin has been ascribed a plethora of functions such as phagocyte recruitment, aggregation induction, complement attack prevention, apoptosis inhibition, membrane remodeling, lipid transport, hormone transport and/or scavenging, matrix metalloproteinase inhibition.
A genuine function of clusterin has not been defined. One tempting hypothesis says that clusterin is an extracellular chaperone protecting cells from stress induced insults caused by degraded and misfolded protein precipitates.
Clusterin is up- or down regulated on the mRNA or protein level in many pathological and clinically relevant situations including cancer, organ regeneration, infection, Alzheimer disease, retinitis pigmentosa, myocardial infarction, renal tubular damage, autoimmunity and others.

VCPKMT is a member of the methyltransferase superfamily. VCPKMT is a protein-lysine N-methyltransferase which specifically trimethylates 'Lys-315' of VCP/p97; this alteration reduces VCP ATPase activity.

a-Synuclein (amino acids 1-140), an acidic neuronal protein of 140 amino acids, is extremely heat-resistant and is natively unfolded with an extended structure primarily composed of random coils. a-synuclein has been suggested to be implicated in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease and related neurodegenerative disorders, and more recently, to be an important regulatory component of vesicular transport in neuronal cells. Moreover, recent studies have shown that a-synuclein has chaperone activity and that this activity is lost upon removing its C-terminal acidic tail (amino acids 96-140).

IL-17F having an accession number of Q96PD4 is a cytokine that shares sequence similarity with IL17. IL-17F is expressed by activated T cells, and has been shown to stimulate the production of several other cytokines, including IL6, IL8, and CSF2/GM_CSF. IL-17F inhibits the angiogenesis of endothelial cells and induce endothelial cells to produce IL2, TGFB1/TGFB, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1. IL-17F induces stromal cells to produce proinflammatory and hematopoietic cytokines. Intestinal IL17F gene expression is increased in active CD.
IL-17A & IL-17F alleles influence the susceptibility to and pathophysiological features of ulcerative colitis independently. IL-17F and MIF gene polymorphisms are significantly associated with the development of functional dyspepsia.
The initiation of IL-17F/IL-17R signaling pathway requires the receptor ubiquitination by TRAF6. IL-17F induces expression of IFN-gamma-inducible protein 10 (IP-10) by activating Raf1-mitogen-activated protein kinase 1/2-extracellular-regulated kinase 1/2-p90 ribosomal S6 kinase-cyclic AMP response element-binding protein signaling pathway.

IL-25 also called IL-17E cytokine has a sequence similarity with IL17.
IL-17E indluces NF-kappaB activation, and stimulates the production of IL-8. IL17E and IL17B are ligands for the cytokine receptor IL17BR. IL-25 is a proinflammatory cytokine favoring Th2-type immune response. The upregulation of costimulation-induced IL-17E receptors and release of cytokines and chemokines from IL-17E treated costimulated Th cells are differentially regulated by intracellular JNK, p38 MAPK and NF-kappaB activity. Blocking Iinterleukin-25 prevents airway hyperresponsiveness, a critical feature of clinical asthma. IL25 produced by innate effector eosinophils and basophils increase the allergic inflammation by enhancing the maintenance and functions of TSLP-DC activated adaptive Th2 memory cells. Over expression of IL-25 up-regulates gene expression of Th2 cytokines and induces growth retardation, jaundice, and multiorgan inflammation in a transgenic mouse model. IL-25 contributes to the induction and maintenance of eosinophilic inflammation by acting on lung fibroblasts which supports the fact that IL-17E is an important factor in asthma pathophysiology. IL-17E operates by amplifying TH2 cell-mediated allergic airway inflammation but doesn’t induce allergic inflammation in vivo.