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IL18R1 (interleukin 18 receptor 1) is an interleukin receptor which is part of the immunoglobulin superfamily. IL18R1 comprises 3 Ig-like C2-type domains, on TIR domain IL18R1 shares many immuno-regulatory functions with IL12. IL12 and IFN-alpha are found to induce the expression of IL18 receptor in NK & T cells. Moreover, IL18R1 explicitly binds interleukin 18, and is vital for IL18 mediated signal transduction. IL18R1 does not bind IL1A or IL1B beta, however it does bind to the agonist which causes NF-kappa-B to become active.

Interferon Alpha And Beta Receptor, also known IFNAR1, belongs to the class II cytokine receptor family. IFNAR1 protein forms one of the two chains of a receptor for interferons alpha as well as beta. IFNAR1 binds and activates the receptor which stimulates Janus protein kinases, which in turn phosphorylate some proteins, including STAT1 & STAT2. Furthermore, IFNAR1 also functions as an antiviral factor.

The Fas receptor (CD95) mediates apoptotic signaling by Fas-ligand expressed on the surface of other cells. The Fas-FasL interaction plays an important role in the immune system and lack of this system leads to autoimmunity, indicating that Fas-mediated apoptosis removes self-reactive lymphocytes. Fas signaling is also involved in immune surveillance to remove transformed cells and virus infected cells. Binding of FAS to oligimerized FasL on another cell activates apoptotic signaling through a cytoplasmic domain termed the death domain that interacts with signaling adaptors including FAF, FADD and DAX to activate the caspase proteolytic cascade. Caspase-8 and caspase-10 are first activated, to then cleave and activate downstream caspases, and a variety of cellular substrates that lead to cell death. Caspases cleave nuclear lamins, causing the nucleus to break down and lose its normal structure and another caspase substrate is DFF, inducing cleavage and degradation of the genome. Other caspase substrates are involved in cytoskeletal structure, cell cycle regulation and signaling pathways. Activation of JNK kinase, activation of Jun, and production of ceramide may also play roles in Fas-mediated apoptosis. Activation of fas-mediated apoptosis is opposed by I-FLICE and FAP. Viruses and tumors may escape immune surveillance in part through suppression of fas-mediated apoptosis using similar mechanisms.

Fc Fragment Of IgG Receptor And Transporter also known as FCGRT is a transmembrane glycoprotein with structural homology to MHC class 1 proteins. FCGRT is widely expressed in endothelial and epithelial cells and takes a vital part in IgG homeostasis. Moreover, FCGRT is expressed in neutrophils in addition myeloid antigen presenting cells. FCGRT can enhance IgG-meditated phagocytosis as well as antigen presentation by heses cells, however it promotes the degradation of opsonizing IgG rather than returning it to the circulation.

Interleukin-21 receptor, also known as IL21R is a member of the type I cytokine receptors family. IL21R forms a heterodimeric receptor complex with the common gamma-chain, a receptor subunit which is also shared by the receptors for interleukin 2, 4, 7, 9, and 15. Furthermore, IL21 receptor transduces the growth promoting signal of IL21, and is significant for the proliferation as well as differentiation of T cells, B cells, and natural killer (NK) cells. The ligand binding of IL21 receptor leads to the activation of numerous downstream signaling molecules, including JAK1, JAK3, STAT1, as well as STAT3.

Cytotoxicity Triggering Receptor 3 also known as NCR3 is a natural cytotoxicity receptor (NCR) which assists NK cells in the lysis of tumor cells. Moreover, NCR3 interacts with CD3-zeta (CD247), a T-cell receptor. A single nucleotide polymorphism in the 5' untranslated region of NCR3 has been related with mild malaria suceptibility. Three transcript variants encoding various isoforms have been found for this gene.

RARRES2 is a secreted chemotactic protein that initiates chemotaxis through the ChemR23 G protein-coupled seven-transmembrane domain ligand. RARRES2 acts as an adipokine, and is truncated on both termini from the proprotein. RARRES2 is structurally related to the cathelicidin precursors, cystatin C and kininogens. RARRES2 promotes calcium mobilization and chemotaxis of immature dendritic cells and macrophages. RARRES2 is secreted as a precursor of little biological activity, which requires proteolytic cleavage of its COOH-terminal domain to be exchangeed into a potent and highly specific agonist of ChemR23. RARRES2 signals via its receptor, ChemR23 (CMKLR1), as a positive regulator of adipocyte differentiation and metabolic function. The Chemerin receptor acts as a coreceptor for SIV and some primary HIV-1 strains.

CXADR is a component of the epithelial apical junction complex which operates as an homophilic cell adhesion molecule and is crucial for tight junction integrity. CXADR also takes part in transepithelial relocation of leukocytes through adhesive interactions with AMICA1/JAML a transmembrane protein of the plasma membrane of leukocytes. A number of transcript variants encoding different isoforms were identified for this gene. Pseudogenes of this gene were located on chromosomes 15, 18, and 21.

Cluster of Differentiation 244 (CD244/Natural Killer Cell Receptor 2B4) contains 2 Ig-like (immunoglobulin-like) domains. CD244 is a cell surface receptor expressed on natural killer (NK) cells (and some T cells) which mediate non-major histocompatibility complex (MHC) restricted killing. NK-cell and target cells interaction via the CD244 receptor is believed to modulate NK-cell cytolytic activity. CD244 molecules function in eosinophil adhesion and chemotaxis, and have a role in the pathophysiology of allergic rhinitis (AR).

TNFRSF4, also known as TNF Receptor Superfamily Member 4, is a T cell co-stimulatory molecule which belongs to the TNF receptor superfamily. TNFRSF4 coordinates with other co-stimulatory substances such as CD28, CD40, CD30, CD27 and 4-1BB to control the activation of the immune response. TNFRSF4 takes a vital part in antigen-specific T cell expansion as well as survival. TNFRSF4 is up-regulated on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells upon engagement of the TCR by antigen presenting cells along with co-stimulation by CD40-CD40 Ligand and CD28-B7. In addition, TNFRSF4 regulates cytokine production from T cells, antigen presenting cells, natural killer cells and natural killer cells. TNFRSF4 regulates cytokine receptor signaling.

Interleukin-1 ra is a member of the interleukin 1 cytokine family. IL1RAinhibits the activities of interleukin 1, alpha (IL1A) and interleukin 1, beta (IL1B), and modulates a variety of interleukin 1 related immune and inflammatory responses. IL1RAand five other closely related cytokine genes form a gene cluster spanning approximately 400 kb on chromosome 2. A polymorphism of this gene is reported to be associated with increased risk of osteoporotic fractures and gastric cancer.

RARRES2 is a secreted chemotactic protein that initiates chemotaxis through the ChemR23 G protein-coupled seven-transmembrane domain ligand. RARRES2 is upregulated by the synthetic retinoid tazarotene and found in many tissues. RARRES2 acts as an adipokine and is truncated on both termini from the proprotein. RARRES2 is structurally related to the cathelicidin precursors, cystatin C and kininogens. RARRES2 promotes calcium mobilization and chemotaxis of immature dendritic cells and macrophages. RARRES2 is secreted as a precursor of little biological activity, which requires proteolytic cleavage of its COOH-terminal domain to be exchangeed into a potent and highly specific agonist of ChemR23.

IL4 is a pleiotropic cytokine produced by activated T cells. IL4 is a ligand for interleukin 4 receptor. The interleukin 4 receptor also binds to IL13, which may contribute to many overlapping functions of this cytokine and IL13. STAT6, a signal transducer and activator of transcription, has been shown to play a central role in mediating the immune regulatory signal of this cytokine. This gene, IL3, IL5, IL13, and CSF2 form a cytokine gene cluster on chromosome 5q, with this gene particularly close to IL13. IL4, IL13 and IL5 are found to be regulated coordinately by several long-range regulatory elements in an over 120 kilobase range on the chromosome. Two alternatively spliced transcript variants of this gene encoding distinct isoforms have been reported.

Toll interacting protein (TOLLIP) is an inhibitory adaptor protein within Toll-like receptors. The TLR pathway is a part of the innate immune system which recognizes structurally conserved molecular patterns of microbial pathogens, initiating an inflammatory immune response. Negative regulation of TLR signaling by TOLLIP might restrict the production of proinflammatory mediators during inflammation and infection. Furthermore, TOLLIP forms a complex with Tom1 to regulate endosomal transferring of ubiquitinated proteins.

Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 8 (TNFRSF8) is a receptor for TNFSF8/CD30L. TNFRSF8 has a role in the regulation of cellular growth and transformation of activated lymphoblasts. In addition, the TNFRSF8 protein regulates gene expression via activation of NF-kappa-B. TNFRSF8 being a regulator of apoptosis, induces cell death or proliferation, depending on the cell type.

EFNA1 belongs to the ephrin (EPH) family. The EPH subfamily is the biggest group of receptor protein kinases and they take part in vital nervous system function and development.

Prolactin is a pituitary hormone that plays a role in the stimulation of milk production, salt and water regulation, growth, development and reproduction. The primary step in its action is the binding to a specific membrane receptor (prolactin receptor) which belongs to the superfamily of class 1 cytokine receptors. Prolactin is a hormone involved in a range of significant functions including ion transport and osmoregulation, stimulation of milk, protein synthesis as well as the regulation of numerous reproductive functions. Prolactin exerts its influence on different cell types through a signal transduction pathway which begins with the binding of the hormone to a transmembrane Prolactin receptor. PRLR varies in size (short and long forms) with tissue source and species, from ~40 kDa to 100 kDa. The PRL-R consists of at least 3 separate domains: an extracellular region with 5 cysteines which contains the prolactin binding site, a single transmembrane domain and a cytoplasmic region, the length of which appears to influence ligand binding and regulate cellular function.

IL3RA, also known as Interleukin 3 Receptor Subunit Alpha, is a single-pass type 1 membrane protein which is a member of the type 1 cytokine receptor family as well as type 5 subfamily. IL3RA is a pleiotropic cytokine which is produced mainly by activated T cells or mast cells. Moreover, the specific alpha subunit of the interleukin 3 receptor is strongly expressed in a variety of leukemic blasts as well as leukemic stem cells and appears to be a great target for the therapy of leukemias.

IL2-Ra is one of the three constituent subunits of the IL2 receptor.
IL-2Ra is released into the serum after increased cellular expression such as increased activation of B and T cells. Clinical manifestations of IL2-Ra elevation include autoimmune conditions and some leukemias and lymphomas.

Interferon Alpha and Beta Receptor Subunit 2 or IFNAR2 is a protein, part of the class II cytokine receptor family. When different innate immune signaling transduction are activated, there is a rapid induction of type I IFNs because it has an intronless gene source. IFNAR2 is the main ligand and binds to the receptor. Once bind, stabilization occurs and a signaling compelx recptor is formed. IFNAR2 also takes part in the activation process of STAT proteins.

Glucagon receptor is part of the glucagon receptor family which also contains GLP-1, GLP-2, GHRH and GIP receptors. GCGR regulates blood glucose levels and is mainly expressed in the pancreas, liver and kidneys. Mutations in GCGR are a cause of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.

FAS / CD95 is a 36kDa transmembrane type I receptor, which belongs to the NF/NGF receptor super-family. It is a potent inducer of apoptosis in cells of the immune system upon interaction with its natural ligand, CD95L. Although the CD95/CD95L system could play a role in tumor regression, tumor cells seem to down-regulate CD95 expression as a mechanism of resistance to CD95L-induced killing by T lymphocytes and NK cells. The Fas antigen is expressed on the surface of various cell types, including activated T and B lymphocytes and T lymphoblastoid cell line. CD95 is also expressed in a broad panel of non-transformed cells outside the immune system.

CRCP is a ubiquitous coupling protein for the calcitonin gene-related peptide and adrenomedullin receptors. CRCP controls ligand sensitivity in several tissues and has DNA-directed RNA polymerase activity, catalytic activity and calcitonin receptor activity.