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Dickkopf-related protein 3 (DKK3) belongs to the DKK protein family including Dkk-1, 2, 3 and -4. DKK3 is a 350 amino acid secreted glycoprotein which is comprised of an N-terminal signal peptide and 2 conserved cysteine-rich domains that are separated by a 12 amino acid linker region. DKK3 is involved in embryonic development through its inhibition of the WNT signaling pathway. DKK3 gene expression is decreased in a variety of cancer cell lines and it may act as a tumor suppressor gene.

C1QTNF6 is a collagen type-IV specific for basement membranes. C1QTNF6 is vital for embryonic development.

HIBCH enzyme is in charge of hydrolysis of both HIBYL-CoA and beta-hydroxypropionyl-CoA. Damages in the HIBCH gene linked to 3-hyroxyisobutyryl-CoA hydrolase deficiency. Multiple transcript variants exist as a result of alternative splicing.

ATPase Transporting Lysosomal Accessory Protein 2 (ATP6AP2) is a protein associated with triphosphatases (ATPases). Proton-translocating ATPases have vital roles in energy conservation, secondary active transport, acidification of intracellular compartments, and cellular pH homeostasis. ATP6AP2 is linked with the transmembrane sector of the V-type ATPases, which have a transmembrane proton-conducting sector and an extramembrane catalytic sector. ATP6AP2 serves as a renin and prorenin cellular receptor; it mediates renin-dependent cellular responses by activating ERK1 and ERK2. ATP6AP2 is expressed in the brain, heart, placenta, liver, kidney and pancreas. ATP6AP2 is hardly detectable in the lung and skeletal muscles. ATP6AP2 is also expressed in the vascular structures and by syncytiotrophoblast cells in the mature fetal placenta.

ENO3 is one of three enolase isoenzymes in mammals. The homodimer ENO3 is located in skeletal muscle cells of adults and has a part in converting phosphoglyceric acid to phosphenolpyruvic acid in the glycolytic pathway. Mutations in ENO3 gene is linked to metabolic myopathies which is caused by low stability of the enzyme.

Ro 60 kDa autoantigen is an RNA-binding protein that binds to several small cytoplasmic RNA molecules known as Y RNAs. SSA2 may stabilize these RNAs from degradation. Sera taken from patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) often contains antibodies that react with the normal cellular SSA2 protein as if this antigen was foreign.

ATPase inhibitory factor 1 (ATPIF1) attaches to the C-terminal region of a beta subunit of the F1-ATPase at low pH values and, through interference of the beta and gamma subunit interaction, ATPIF1 controls the activity of the F1 (the hydrophilic catalytic core), F0 (the membrane embedded protein channel) ATPase. ATPIF1 overexpression in a number of human carcinomas additionally reinforces its participation in oncogenesis and offers insight into the transformed metabolism of cancer cells, including the reprogramming of energy metabolism in relation to glycolysis. Endogenous F1F(o)-ATPase inhibitor curbing ATP depletion when the mitochondrial membrane potential drops below a threshold and the F1F(o)-ATP synthase begins hydrolyzing ATP to pump protons out of the mitochondrial matrix.

O-Sialoglycoprotein Endopeptidase, also known as OSGEP is a member of the KAE1 / TsaD family. OSGEP is essential for the formation of threonylcarbamoyl group on adenosine at position 37 (t6A37) in tRNAs which read codons beginning with adenine. OSGEP take a direct catalytic part in the above reaction, however other proteins of the complex are required to fulfill this activity.

Ubiquitin thioesterase OTUB2 (OTUB2) is a member of the peptidase C65 family. OTUB2 functions as a hydrolase which can remove conjugated ubiquitin from proteins in vitro and may thus play a key regulatory role at the level of protein turnover by preventing degradation.

UBE2E1 belongs to the E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme family. UBE2E1 accepts ubiquitin from the E1 complex and catalyzes its covalent attachment to other proteins. UBE2E1 catalyzes the covalent attachment of ISG15 to other proteins. UBE2E1 mediates the selective degradation of short-lived and abnormal proteins. In vitro, UBE2E1 also catalyzes 'Lys-48'-linked polyubiquitination.

Latexin enzyme is a carboxypeptidase A inhibitor that is highly expressed in the heart, prostate, ovary, kidney, pancrease, brain and colon. Latexin has no noticeable sequence resemblance with plant and parasite inhibitors, however it is related to a human putative tumor suppressor protein, TIG1. Latexin is down-regulated in the presenilin-1-deficient mouse brain, thus putatively playing a role in Alzheimer's disease.

Peroxisome proliferators are non-genotoxic carcinogens which are purported to exert their effect on cells through their interaction with members of the nuclear hormone receptor family termed peroxisome proliferators activated receptors (PPARs). Nuclear hormone receptors are ligand-dependent intracellular proteins that stimulate transcription of specific genes by binding to specific DNA sequences following activation by the appropriate ligand. Studies indicate that PPARs are activated by peroxisome proliferators such as clofibric acid, nafenopin, and WY-14,643, as well as by some fatty acids.

TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is a ligand molecule which induces apoptosis. It is a type II transmembrane protein with homology to other members of the tumor necrosis factor family.
In humans, the gene that encodes for TRAIL is located at chromosome 3q26.
TRAIL binds to the death receptors, DR4 and DR5. The process of apoptosis is caspase-8-dependent. This protein preferentially induces apoptosis in transformed and tumor cells, but does not appear to kill normal cells although it is expressed at a significant level in most normal tissues.

S100A8 is a part of the S100 family of proteins containing 2 EF-hand calcium-binding motifs. S100 proteins are localized in the cytoplasm and/or nucleus of a broad range of cells, and participate in the regulation of cellular processes such as cell cycle progression and differentiation. S100A8 plays a role in the inhibition of casein kinase and as a cytokine. S100A8 altered expression is related with cystic fibrosis disease. S100A8 is a calcium-binding protein that has antimicrobial activity against bacteria and fungi.S100A8 is crucial for resistance towards invasion by pathogenic bacteria. S100A8 up-regulates transcription of genes that are under the control of NF-kappa-B. S100A8 plays a role in the development of endotoxic shock in response to bacterial lipopolysaccharide. S100A8 endorses tubulin polymerization and promotes phagocyte migration and infiltration of granulocytes at sites of wounding. S100A8 takes part as a pro-inflammatory mediator in acute and chronic inflammation and up-regulates the release of IL8 and cell-surface expression of ICAM1.

Adiponectin, also referred to as Acrp30, AdipoQ and GBP-28, is a recently discovered 244 amino acid protein, the product of the apM1 gene, which is physiologically active and specifically and highly expressed in adipose cells (Adipokine). The protein belongs to the soluble defense collagen super family; it has a collagen-like domain structurally homologous with collagen VIII and X and complement factor C1q-like globular domain. APM-1 forms homotrimers, which are the building blocks for higher order complexes found circulating in serum.

TNFAIP8 which is a part of the TNFAIP8 family acts as a negative mediator of apoptosis and takes part in tumor progression. TNFAIP8 suppresses the TNF-mediated apoptosis by inhibiting caspase-8 activity but not the processing of procaspase-8, resulting in inhibition of BID cleavage and activation of caspase-3.

PINX1 is a common expressed protein that localizes to nucleoli and telomere speckles. PINX1 contains a Telomerase Inhibiting Domain that is caable of binding MCRS1, TERT and TERF1. PINX1 has been shown to be a potent telomerase inhibitor and putative tumor suppressor. PINX1 is recruited to chromosome periphery by Nucleolin, their complex is necessary for faithful chromosome congression. PINX1 regulates the nucleolar accumulation and telomeric association of TRF1. PINX1 is involved in gastric cancer development. PINX1 expression is a sign of gastric cancer development. Constitutive expression of PINX1 attributes to telomere maintenance by telomerase and tumorigenicity in cancer cells.

DUSP3 belongs to the dual specificity protein phosphatase subfamily which inactivates their target kinases by dephosphorylating both the phosphoserine/threonine and phosphotyrosine residues. DUSP3 negatively regulate members of the mitogen-activated protein kinase superfamily that are related to cellular proliferation and differentiation. DUSP3 is expressed in both breast and ovarian tissues and displays activity both for tyrosine-protein phosphate and serine-protein phosphate, but exhibits a strong preference toward phosphotyrosines, specifically dephosphorylates and inactivates ERK1 and ERK2.

MECR catalyzes the reduction of trans-2-enoyl-CoA to acyl-CoA with chain length from C6 to C16 in an NADPH dependent manner with preference to medium chain length substrate. MECR protein takes part in the mitochondrial synthesis of fatty acids.

Peroxisomal Biogenesis Factor 26 (PEX26) which is a part of the peroxin-26 gene family is probably required for protein import into peroxisomes. PEX26 attaches PEX1 and PEX6 to peroxisome membranes to form heteromeric AAA ATPase complexes needed for the import of proteins into peroxisomes. Deficiencies in this gene are the cause of peroxisome biogenesis disorder complementation group 8. PBD is a group of peroxisomal disorders evolving from a failure of protein import into the peroxisomal membrane or matrix.

Small Ubiquitin-like Modifiers (SUMOs) are a family of small, related proteins that can be enzymatically attached to a target protein by a post-translational modification process termed sumoylation. Unlike ubiquitination, which targets proteins for degradation, sumoylation participates in a number of cellular processes, such as nuclear transport, transcriptional regulation, apoptosis, and protein stability. All SUMO proteins share the conserved ubiquitin domain and the C-terminal diglycine cleavage/attachment site. Human SUMO2, also known as Sentrin2 and SMT3B is synthesized as a 95 amino acid (aa), 11 kDa propeptide that contains a two aa C-terminal prosegment, and an 18 aa N-terminal protein interacting region (aa 33 -50). Following prosegment cleavage, the C-terminal glycine is enzymatically attached to a lysine on a target protein. Human SUMO2 shares 100% sequence identity to SUMO-2 from mouse. SUMO2 also has very high sequence homology to SUMO3 and SUMO4, 86 % and 85%, respectively. SUMO2 shares only 44% sequence identity to SUMO1.

Osteoclast-associated immunoglobulin-like receptor isoform 6 or OSCAR, is a receptor for surfactant protein D that can be found on human myeloid cells. OSCAR is part of the TNF-α release from human CCR2+ inflammatory monocytes process. The protein is involved in antigen presentation and activation of dendritic cells. Preosteoclasts or mature osteoclasts express the OSCAR protein. Patients that suffer from RA (rheumatoid arthritis) has upregulations on monocytes which present increased proosteoclastogenic potential.