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RNA Binding Motif Protein 11 (RBM11) which contains 1 RNA recognition motif is a part of the RBM family. The RBM gene family encodes proteins with an RNA binding motif which participate in the modulation of apoptosis. RBM11 is expressed in testis, kidney, spleen, brain, spinal cord and mammary gland and can be found as 2 isoforms produced by alternative splicing.

CRABP1 is a member of special carrier proteins for members of the vitamin A family. It is believed that CRABP1 has an essential role in retinoic acid-mediated differentiation and proliferation processes. Though, CRABP1 is structurally similar to the cellular retinol-binding proteins, it binds only retinoic acid at specific sites within the nucleus, which may contribute to vitamin A-directed differentiation in epithelial tissue. CRABP1 is constitutively expressed and is thought to have different functions in the cell than the related CRABP2. CRABP1 forms a beta-barrel structure which accommodates hydrophobic ligands in its interior.
Loss of CRABP1 function as a result of hypermethylation of its promoter leads to pathogenesis of papillary thyroid carcinoma. Furthermore, frequent methylation-associated silencing of CRABP1 is linked to esophageal squamous-cell carcinoma.

PMSG Hormone is a well know used hormone together with progestogen to increase ovulation just before to artificial insemination. PMSG hormone is a placental glycoprotein produced from the serum of pregnant mares. PMSG comprises of an alfa subunit and a beta subunit. PMSG hormone is secreted from endometrial cups within the pregnant mare uterus aging from 40 to 130 days into their maturation, and once extracted, it can been used to promote artificially estrus in female animals. These assemblies produce PMSG hormone to induce mare's ovarian and repsouctive structures. PMSG can induce the growth of follicles by ovaries and results in ovulatation. PMSG hormone has an about a 4 day half-life of bioactivity in species other than horses. The extended biological activity can cause ovarian stimulation and ovulation. However, PMSG use alone often causes cystic ovarian disease because of the unrestrained ovarian stimulation and due to the sugar molecules which decrease clearance of the hormone. PMSG is more likely to be used than other pituitary hormones due to the extended circulatory half-life. PMSG solely exhibits luteinizing hormone like activity, however in other animal classes it has FSH & LH like activity.

Human Retinol Binding Protein, also known as RBP, is responsible for transporting and binding vitamin A. Human RBP has a binding site for 1 molecule of retinol and circulates in the plasma together with prealbumin as a protein complex. The prealbumin binding prevents greater glomerular losses of the human RBP. Only the retinol-free form of the RBP, which has no affinity for prealbumin, undergoes glomerular filtration unhindered as a result of its low Mw. Human RBP is re-absorbed by the tubular cells and catabolized there.

Retinol Binding Protein-4 or RBP4, is the retinol currier protein in the plasma. RBP4 takes part on the conversion of retinol to the stable and soluble retinol complex in the plasma. RBP4 carries retinol from the liver tissue where its store to peripheral tissues. RBP-retinol complex has interactions with transthyretin in the plasma, thus prevents its loss by filtration in the kidney.

Desmopressin is the first vasopressin analog with a very high and very specific antidiuretic effect, has been widely used for different therapeutic purposes and is believed to be partly responsible for the formation of memories learning and memory processes. Desmopressin increases urine concentration and decreases urine production. Desmopressin is used to prevent and control excessive thirst, urination, and dehydration.

Developmentally-regulated GTP-binding protein 1 (DRG1) is a member of the GTP1/OBG family. DRG1 has a role in cell proliferation and differentiation, as well as in apoptosis, proposing a role in tumor formation and metastasis. Expression of the DRG1 was considerably reduced in breast tumor cells, particularly in patients with lymph node or bone metastasis as compared to those with localized breast cancer. The DRG1 protein is expressed at high levels in the heart, kidney and skeletal muscle and at lower levels in the brain, liver, placenta, lung, colon and spleen.

NPM2 is a member of nucleoplasmin family. NPM2 is a core histones chaperone which takes part in chromatin reprogramming, particularly throughout fertilization and early embryonic development. NPM2 also takes part in sperm DNA decondensation during fertilization.

Neurotensin (NTS) is a common precursor for 2 peptides, neuromedin N and neurotensin. Neurotensin is a secreted tridecapeptide, which is generally distributed throughout the central nervous system, and may serve as a neurotransmitter or a neuromodulator. NTS is involved in dopamine-associated pathophysiological events, in the maintenance of gut structure and function, and in the regulation of fat metabolism. Tissue-specific processing may initiate the formation in some tissues of larger forms of neuromedin N and neurotensin. The large forms may embody more stable peptides which are also biologically active.

Centromere proteins are a group of proteins which form and/or mediate the function of centromeres, the central structures of chromosomes to which spindle fibers/microtubuli attach and pull the chromosomes apart in cell division. Currently, 9 centromere proteins are known and designated CENPA to CENP-I. Most of the centromere proteins are targets of autoantibodies, the anti-centromere antibodies.
CENPB is the most important of the centromeric autoantigens: it has a molecular weight of approx. 66 kDa and plays an important role in the formation of the centromeric chromatin. CENPB antibodies are present in the sera of up to 80% of patients with CREST syndrome.

Alpha & Gamma-Adaptin Binding Protein (AAGAB), which is also known as P34, takes part in membrane traffic and interacts with AP1G1 and AP2A1.AAGAB is highly expressed in skin and keratinocytes, with the highest levels in adrenal gland, rectum and thymus.

Nucleosome Assembly Protein 1-Like 4 (NAP1L4) is a part of the nucleosome assembly protein (NAP) family which interacts with both core and linker histones. NAP1L4 plays a role as a histone chaperone due to his ability to shuttle between the cytoplasm and nucleus. NAP1L4 modulates transcriptional activation by target nuclear receptors. NAP1L4 is one of several located near the imprinted gene domain of 11p15.5 which is an important tumor-suppressor gene region.

ARL2BP is an effector of ADP-ribosylation factor-like 2(ARL2) which is vital for nuclear retention of STAT3. The ARL2BP protein binds to ARL2.GTP with high affinity but does not interact with ARL2.GDP, activated ARF, or RHO proteins. Though primarily cytosolic, ARL2BP can enter the mitochondria and bind the adenine nucleotide transporter while bound to ARL2. Accordingly, it may also be involved in mitochondria transport and apoptosis.

Non muscle Myosins are required for cytokinesis at the end of cell division, when a contractile ring near the plasmalemma divides the cytoplasm of the daughter cells. They are involved in cytoplasmic streaming movements in tissues, and especially in activation of motile cells such as fibroblasts and macrophages. Activation of non-muscle myosin-II is achieved by phosphorylation of Ser33 in the motif KKRPQRATSN by a dedicated, Ca +2 Calmodulin regulated light chain kinase (MLCK).

Geminin is a 25 kDa nuclear protein, which inhibits DNA replication and is degraded during the mitotic phase of the cell cycle. Geminin controls replication by binding to the licensing factor Cdt1, and is involved in neural differentiation. In addition, Geminin directly interacts with Six3 and Hox homeodomain proteins during embryogenesis and inhibits their functions. Geminin can also promote DNA replication. Geminin has 2 roles in 2 different stages of the cell cycle: Geminin is a negative regulator of DNA replication during the “S phase” of the cell cycle. Inhibition of Geminin during the “S phase” (by RNAi) results in an additional round of replication of portions of the genome. During the “M phase” of the cell cycle (mitosis) Geminin stabilizes the replication factor Cdt1 promoting DNA replication during the next cell cycle. Moreover, inhibition of Geminin during mitosis (by RNAi) causes destabilization of Cdt1 protein and impairment of DNA replication during the next cell cycle. Geminin thus guarantees that only one round of replication occurs during each cell cycle. It was discovered that Geminin is overexpressed in a number of malignancies and cancer cell lines. This maintains the concept that Geminin has also a positive role in DNA replication and cell cycle progression. Geminin accumulates through S, G2 and M phases of the cell cycle but is absent during the G1 phase. During the metaphase/anaphase transition of mitosis Geminin levels decrease.

CtBP was initially known as a cellular protein which cooperates with a C-terminal motif of adenovirus E1A oncoproteins. C-terminal-binding protein is extremely conserved in higher eukaryotes. Vertebrates hold two highly homologous CtBP proteins (CtBP1 and CtBP2) while invertebrates h a single CtBP. CtBP family proteins has a significant sequence homology with D-2-hydroxy acid dehydrogenases. In addition, CtBP proteins cooperates with numerous proteins and functions as a co-repressor of transcription.

Norrie Disease (NDP) is a secreted regulatory protein which activates the canonical Wnt signaling pathway through FZD4 and LRP5 coreceptor. NDP takes part in retinal vascularization by acting as a ligand for FZD4 which signals through stabilizing beta-catenin (CTNNB1) and activating LEF/TCF-mediated transcriptional programs. NDP is involved in a pathway that regulates neural cell differentiation and proliferation and also in neuroectodermal cell-cell interaction.

ARL15 is a member of the ARF family which are essential in eukaryotic vesicular trafficking pathways and have a vital part in the activation of phospholipase D. ARL15 variants influence levels of Acrp30, an adipocyte-derived protein that is extremely genetic and inversely related to the prospect of type 2 diabetes mellitus and coronary heart disease.

Natriuretic Peptide Precursor B acts as a cardiac hormone with a variety of biological actions including natriuresis,vasorelaxation,diuresis and inhibition of renin and aldosterone secretion. BNP plays a key role in cardiovascular homeostasis. BNP also helps restore the body's salt and water balance andimproves heart function.

Bestrophin 1 (BEST1) is a part of the bestrophin gene family and is also forms calcium-activated chloride-ion channels in epithelial. This small gene family is characterized by proteins with a highly conserved N-terminus with 4-6 transmembrane domains. BEST1 is extremely permeable to bicarbonate.

FABP1 (Fatty acid binding protein1) encodes the fatty acid binding protein found in liver. FABP1 is composed of ten antiparallel beta strands that form a barrel with a bigger binding pocket than the other FABPs allowing it to accommodate two fatty acid. This protein binds free fatty acids and their coenzyme A derivatives, bilirubin, and some other small molecules in the cytoplasm; it may be involved in intracellular lipid transport and metabolism.

Activins are homodimers or heterodimers of the different β subunit isoforms, part of the TGFβ family. Mature Activin A has two 116 amino acids residues βA subunits (βA-βA). Activin displays an extensive variety of biological activities, including mesoderm induction, neural cell differentiation, bone remodelling, haematopoiesis, and reproductive physiology. Activins takes part in the production and regulation of hormones such as FSH, LH, GnRH and ACTH. Cells that are identified to express Activin A include fibroblasts, endothelial cells, hepatocytes, vascular smooth muscle cells, macrophages, keratinocytes, osteoclasts, bone marrow monocytes, prostatic epithelium, neurons, chondrocytes, osteoblasts, Leydig cells, Sertoli cells, and ovarian granulosa cells.

Musashi RNA-Binding Protein 2 (MSI2), is RNA binding protein which owns 2 conserved tandem RNA recognition motifs. MSI2 takes part in proliferation and maintenance of stem cells in the central nervous system. Comparable proteins in other species function as RNA-binding proteins and take part in posttranscriptional gene regulation.

Rab GDP dissociation inhibitor beta isoform 1 (GDI2) is a member of the GDP dissociation inhibitors (GDIs) family. GDI proteins can bind and release GDP-bound Rab proteins from membranes. GDI1 interacts with virtually all of the Rab proteins, whereas GDI2 interacts with Rabll but not Rab3A. GDI2 distributes ubiquitously, presenting a membrane bound location in perinuclear regions of cells.