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HCV is a small 50nm, enveloped, single-stranded, positive sense RNAvirus in the family Flaviviridae.
HCV has a high rate of replication with approximately one trillion particles produced each day in an infected individual. Due to lack of proofreading by the HCV RNA polymerase, the HCV has an exceptionally high mutation rate, a factor that may help it elude the host's immune response. Hepatitis C virus is classified into six genotypes(1-6) with several subtypes within each genotype. The preponderance and distribution of HCV genotypes varies globally. Genotype is clinically important in determining potential response to interferon-based therapy and the required duration of such therapy. Genotypes 1 and 4 are less responsive to interferon-based treatment than are the other genotypes (2, 3, 5 and 6).

Fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase domain-containing protein 1 (FAHD1) is a member of the FAH family. FAHD1 is considered to have hydrolase activity and it uses Magnesium and Calcium as cofactors. It seems quite likely that the metal binding sites are involved in an enzymatic activity connected to the catabolism of aromatic amino acids.

Isopentenyl-diphosphate isomerase 1 (IDI1) belongs to the IPP isomerase type I family and is involved in cholesterol biosynthesis. IDI1 is a peroxisomally-localized enzyme which catalyzes the interconversion of isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) to its highly electrophilic isomer, dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP), which is the substrate for the sequential reaction that results in the synthesis of farnesyl diphosphate and, eventually, cholesterol. Peroxisomal deficiency diseases such as Zellweger syndrome and neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy show a reduction in IPP isomerase activity.

HLH (helix-loop-helix) proteins are a putative transcription factors family. Several HLH proteins take part in growth and development of an extensive range of tissues and species. NHLH1 functions as a DNA-binding protein and has a role in the regulation of cell-type determination in the developing nervous system.

Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 11 (CXCL11) is a small cytokine belonging to the CXC chemokinen family that is also called inducible T-cell alpha chemoattractant (I-TAC) and (IP-9). I-TAC is highly expressed in peripheral blood leukocytes, pancreas and liver, with moderate levels in thymus, spleen and lung and low expression levels were in small intestine, placenta and prostate. Gene expression of CXCL11 is strongly induced by IFN-g and IFN-b, and weakly induced by IFN-a. The I-TAC chemokine elicits its effects on its target cells by interacting with the cell surface chemokine receptor CXCR3, with a higher affinity than do the other ligands for this receptor, CXCL9 and CXCL10. I-TAC is chemotactic for activated T cells. The CXCL11 gene is located on human chromosome 4 along with many other members of the CXC chemokine family.

Human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV) is a human, single-stranded RNA retrovirus that causes T-cell leukemia and T-cell lymphoma. The virus activates a subset of T-helper cellscalled Th1cells. The result is a proliferation of Th1 cells and overproduction of Th1 related cytokines (mainly IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha). Feedback mechanisms of these cytokines cause a suppression of the Th2 lymphocytes and a reduction of Th2 cytokine production (mainly IL-4, IL-5, IL-10 and IL-13). The end result is a reduction in the ability of the infected host to mount an adequate immune response to invading organisms that require a predominantly Th2 dependant response (these include parasitic infections and production of mucosal and humoral antibodies).

Mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS) is vital for innate immune defense against viruses. MAVS is an intermediary protein essential in the virus-triggered IFN-beta signaling pathways. MAVS is involved in activation of transcription factors that regulate expression of IFN-beta and contributes to antiviral immunity.

HCV is a small 50nm, enveloped, single-stranded, positive sense RNAvirus in the family Flaviviridae.
HCV has a high rate of replication with approximately one trillion particles produced each day in an infected individual. Due to lack of proofreading by the HCV RNA polymerase, the HCV has an exceptionally high mutation rate, a factor that may help it elude the host's immune response. Hepatitis C virus is classified into six genotypes(1-6) with several subtypes within each genotype. The preponderance and distribution of HCV genotypes varies globally. Genotype is clinically important in determining potential response to interferon-based therapy and the required duration of such therapy. Genotypes 1 and 4 are less responsive to interferon-based treatment than are the other genotypes (2, 3, 5 and 6).

CD226 belongs to the Ig-superfamily containing 2 Ig-like domains of the V-set. CD226 is a 65kDa glycoprotein expressed on the surface NK cells, platelets, monocytes and a subset of T cells. CD226 facilitates cellular adhesion of platelets and megakaryocytic cells to vascular endothelial cells. CD226 also plays a role in megakaryocytic cell maturation.

NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 3 (NDUFS3) is a member of the complex I 30 kDa subunit family. NDUFS3 is one of the iron-sulfur protein (IP) components of mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I). This complex is the first enzyme complex in the electron transport chain of mitochondria. The iron-sulfur protein (IP) fraction of complex I consists of seven subunits. NDUFS3 gene mutations are linked with Leigh syndrome resulting from mitochondrial complex indefficiency.

C1r enzyme is the activated form of C1r proenzyme which is inactive zymogen until C1 is activated.C1r is a subunit of the C1 complex which is the first complement component in the classical pathway of complement. C1 is a non-covalent calcium-dependent complex containing1 C1q, 2 C1r and 2 C1s molecules.Each C1q bindsthe Fc domains of IgG or IgM by using2 or more of its six arms. The binding of multiple arms to immune complexes causesthe production of 2 proteases that cleave and activate the 2 C1s protease zymogens in the complex by the C1r proteins. The activation of C1r results from cleavage of C1r into 2 fragments of 57,000 and 35,000 Dalton.

Interleukin-1 alpha is a proinflammatory cytokine produced by a wide variety of cell types, including macrophages, osteoblasts, monocytes and hepatocytes. Circulating levels of are normally low and only rise after stimulation by agents such as those produced byinflammation, infection or microbial endotoxins. IL-1 alpha possesses a wide variety of biological activities and exerts its effects by binding to specific cell surface receptors.

SARS-Associated Coronavirus Nuclecapsid is an enveloped viral componentthat contains three external structural antigens, the mains are membrane (M), envelope (E), and spike (S) proteins. Spike (S)-glycoprotein of the virus interacts with a membrenal receptor and mediates membrane fusion to grant viral entry into the target cells. therefore, S-protein has a crucial part in virus infection cycle and is the main target of neutralizing antibodies.

ATP synthase subunit gamma, mitochondrial isoform L (liver) (ATP5C1) is a member of the ATPase gamma chain family. ATP5C1 catalyzes ATP synthesis by using an electrochemical gradient of protons across the inner membrane throughout oxidative phosphorylation. The catalytic portion of mitochondrial ATP synthase is comprised of 5 different subunits (alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and epsilon) gathered with a stoichiometry of 3 alpha, 3 beta, and a single representative of the other 3.

Killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs), are a family of cell surface glycoproteins found on Natural Killer (NK) Cells, which are important cells of the immune system. They control the killing function of these cells by interacting with MHC class I molecules, which are expressed on all cell types. This interaction allows them to identify virally infected cells or tumor cells that have a distinctive low level of Class I MHC on their surface. The majority of KIRs are inhibitory, which means that their recognition of MHC suppresses the cytotoxic activity of their NK cell. Only a limited number of KIRs have the capacity to activate cells.
The KIR genes are found in a cluster on chromosome 19q13.4 within the 1 Mb leukocyte receptor complex (LRC). KIR molecules are extremely polymorphic, meaning their gene sequences differ significantly between individuals, so that different individuals have different arrays/repertoires of KIR genes.
The KIR proteins are categorized by the number of extracellular immunoglobulin domains (2D or 3D) and by whether they have a long (L) or short (S) cytoplasmic domain. KIR proteins with the long cytoplasmic domain transduce inhibitory signals upon ligand binding via an immune tyrosine-based inhibitory motif (ITIM). Whereas KIR proteins with the short cytoplasmic domain lack the ITIM motif and instead associate with the TYRO protein tyrosine kinase binding protein to transduce activating signals.
KIR2DS4 is an activating Killer Cell Ig-like Receptor (KIR, previously called p50 KIR, p50.3, cl39, or KAR-K1), which may recognize class I MHC molecules. KIR2DS4 does not inhibit the activity of NK cells.

Forty-two antigenic domains were identified across the hepatitis A virus (HAV) polyprotein by using a set of 237 overlapping 20-mer synthetic peptides spanning the entire HAV polyprotein. Nineteen antigenic domains were found within the structural proteins, and 22 were found within the nonstructural proteins, with 1 domain spanning the junction of VP1 and P2A proteins. Five of these domains were considered immunodominant, as judged by both the breadth and the strength of their immunoreactivity. One domain is located within the VP2 protein at position 57-90 aa. A second domain, located at position 767-842 aa, contains the C-terminal part of the VP1 protein and the entire P2A protein. A third domain, located at position 1403-1456 aa, comprises the C-terminal part of the P2C protein and the N-terminal half of the P3A protein. The fourth domain, located at position 1500-1519 aa, includes almost the entire P3B, and the last domain, located at position 1719-1764 aa, contains the C-terminal region of the P3C protein and the N-terminal region of the P3D protein. Four of the five most immunoreactive domains are derived from small HAV proteins and/or encompass protein cleavage sites separating different HAV proteins.

Interleukin-1b is a potent pro-inflammatory cytokine produced by a wide variety of cell types including monocytes and macrophages. It displays a broad range of biological activity including activation of B and T cells in response to inflammation and the activation of endothelial cells.

Interleukin-1 ra is a member of the interleukin 1 cytokine family. This protein inhibits the activities of interleukin 1, alpha (IL1A) and interleukin 1, beta (IL1B), and modulates a variety of interleukin 1 related immune and inflammatory responses. This gene and five other closely related cytokine genes form a gene cluster spanning approximately 400 kb on chromosome 2. A polymorphism of this gene is reported to be associated with increased risk of osteoporotic fractures and gastric cancer. Four alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been reported.

Human interleukin family 1, member 10 (IL1F10) belongs to the interleukin 1 cytokine family. IL1F10 is expressed in the fetal skin, spleen and tonsil, generally in the basal epithelia of skin and in proliferating B-cells of the tonsil. IL1F10 binds soluble IL1 receptor type 1 and may be implicated in the regulation of adapted and innate immune responses.

Hepatitis A Virus Cellular Receptor 2 (HAVCR2) is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily. HACVR2 controls macrophage activation. HACVR2 inhibits T-helper type 1 lymphocyte (Th1)-mediated auto- and alloimmune responses and stimulates immunological tolerance.

Dynein light chain roadblock-type (DYNLRB1) belongs to the roadblock dynein light chain family and encodes a cytoplasmic protein which is capable of binding intermediate chain proteins. Upregulation of the DYNLRB1 gene is linked with hepatocellular carcinomas, suggesting that DYNLRB1 may be involved in tumor progression.

RHOV belongs to the Rho family and to the small GTPase superfamily. RHOV is a 236 aa protein which regulates the actin cytoskeleton by activating the JNK pathway. RHOV is expressed in placenta, pancreas and fetal brain and operates as a lipid anchor at the cytoplasmic side of the cell membrane.

BAT1 belongs to the DEAD box family of RNA-dependent ATPases that mediate ATP hydrolysis during pre-mRNA splicing. UAP56 protein is a vital splicing factor which is needed for connecting U2 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein with pre-mRNA, as well as takes a key part in mRNA export from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. Mutations in this protein may be connected to rheumatoid arthritis.

KIAA0101 is a PCNA-binding protein which performs as a regulator of DNA repair all through DNA replication. Subsequent to DNA mutilation, the collaboration with PCNA is interrupted, enabling the interaction between monoubiquitinated PCNA and the translesion DNA synthesis DNA polymerase eta (POLH) at stalled replisomes, assisting the bypass of replication-fork-blocking lesions. Additionally, KIAA0101 performs as a controller of centrosome number.