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Numerous forms of Bartonellosis are caused by Bartonella henselae as well as Cat Scratch Disease & Bacillary Angiomatosis. It has been found that up to 95% of patients with Cat Scratch Disease show antibodies against Bartonella henselae antigens. Highly immunoreactive proteins which are produced by the Bartonella henselae are the most important antigens used for the diagnosis of Cat Scratch Disease. The immunogenic protein dihydrolipoamide-succinyltransferase also named SucB is an enzyme of the alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex, which catalyzes the transport of a succinyl group from the S-succinyldihydrolipoyl moiety to coenzyme A.

EBI3 has an induced expression in B lymphocytes in reaction to Epstein-Barr virus infection. EBI3 encodes a secreted glycoprotein belonging to the hematopoietin receptor family, and heterodimerizes with a 28 kDa protein to form iIL-27. EBI3 drives rapid clonal expansion of naive cd4(+) t-cells. EBI3 strongly synergizes with IL-12 to activate IFN-gamma production of naive cd4(+) t-cells. EBI3 mediates its biologic effects through the cytokine receptor wsx-1/tccr.

EBI3 has an induced expression in B lymphocytes in reaction to Epstein-Barr virus infection. EBI3 encodes a secreted glycoprotein belonging to the hematopoietin receptor family, and heterodimerizes with a 28 kDa protein to form iIL-27. EBI3 drives rapid clonal expansion of naive cd4(+) t-cells. EBI3 strongly synergizes with IL-12 to activate IFN-gamma production of naive cd4(+) t-cells. EBI3 mediates its biologic effects through the cytokine receptor wsx-1/tccr.

SIL1 is localized to endoplasmic reticulum (ER). SIL1 is an N-linked glycoprotein with an N-terminal ER targeting sequence, 2 putative N-glycosylation sites, and a C-terminal ER retention signal. SIL1 acts as a nucleotide exchange factor for another unfolded protein response protein. Mutations in SIL1 are linked to Marinesco-Sjogren syndrome.

Avidin is a tetrameric protein of 4 identical subunits (homotetramer) each of which can bind to biotin with a high degree of affinity and specificity. Avidin molecular weight in its tetrameric form is estimated to be between 66-69 kDa. Avidin is produced in the oviducts of birds, reptiles and amphibians and is subsequently deposited in the whites of their eggs. In the chicken egg white, avidin makes up roughly 0.05% of total protein (approximately 1.8 mg per egg). 10% of Avidin’s molecular weight is ascribed to carbohydrate content which is composed of four to five mannose and three N-acetylglucosamine residues. Avidin has at least three distinctive oligosaccharide structural type which are similar in structure and composition. The dissociation constant (KD) of avidin is approximately 10-15M, making it one of the strongest known non-covalent bonds.

EIF2S1 participates in the premature steps of protein synthesis by forming a ternary complex with GTP and initiator tRNA which binds to a 40S ribosomal subunit, followed by mRNA binding to create a 43S pre-initiation complex. Junction of the 60S ribosomal subunit to form the 80S initiation complex is preceded by hydrolysis of the GTP bound to eIF-2 and release of an eIF-2-GDP binary complex. In order for eIF-2 to recycle and catalyze another round of initiation, the GDP bound to eIF-2 should exchange with GTP by way of a reaction catalyzed by eIF-2B.

SPINT2 is a transmembrane protein acts as an inhibitor of HGF activator. SPINT2 inhibits plasmin, plasma and tissue kallikrein, and factor XIa. SPINT2 has two extracellular Kunitz domains that inhibit few serine proteases. SPINT2 is assumed tumor suppressor, mutations in SPINT2 leads to a congenital sodium diarrhea.

Synaptotagmin V, (SYT5) is a member of synaptotagmin family, which is a family of type III membrane proteins characterized by cytoplasmic repeats related to protein kinase C regulatory (C2) domains that are considered to bind calcium. Synaptotagmins function as negative regulators of vesicle fusion, allowing fusion in the attendance of calcium, and as calcium receptors or sensor molecules. Among the diseases associated with SYT5 are labyrinthitis, and thyroiditis.

Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit J (EIF3J) is a member of the EIF-3 subunit J family. EIF3 has a crucial role in binding of initiator methionyl-tRNA and mRNA to the 40S ribosomal subunit to produce the 40S initiation complex. EIF3J binds to the aminoacyl (A) site and mRNA access channel of the 40S subunit, setting EIF3J directly in the ribosomal decoding center. In addition, EIF3J interacts with eIF1A and reduces 40S subunit affinity for mRNA. An elevated affinity for mRNA is restored upon enlistment of initiator tRNA, despite the fact EIF3J remains in the mRNA-binding cleft in the presence of tRNA.

VAMP8 also called endobrevin, is the main component of a SNARE complex involved in the docking and fusion of synaptic vesicles with the presynaptic membrane. VAMP8 protein is involved in the regulatation of enzyme secretion in pancreatic acinar cells and plays a part in the abscission of the midbody during cell division, which leads to completely separate daughter cells. VAMP8 is essential for dense-granule secretion in platelets. VAMP8 is related with the perinuclear vesicular structures of the early endocytic compartment. VAMP8 interacts particularly with the soluble NSF-attachment protein (alpha-SNAP), through an VAMP8-containing SNARE complex.

Prohibitin 2, also known as PHB2, mediates transcriptional repression by nuclear hormone receptors via recruitment of histone deacetylases by similarity. PHB2 functions as an estrogen receptor (ER)-selective coregulator which potentiates the inhibitory activities of antiestrogens and represses the activity of estrogens. PHB2 which is involved in regulating mitochondrial respiration activity and in aging, competes with NCOA1 for modulation of ER transcriptional activity.

UDP Glycosyltransferase 8 (UGT8) is a member of the UDP-glycosyltransferase family. UGT8 catalyzes the transfer of galactose to ceramide, a crucial enzymatic step in the biosynthesis of galactocerebrosides, which are abundant sphingolipids of the myelin membrane of the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system.

GADD45GIP1 is a nuclear protein which takes part in apoptosis control. GADD45GIP1 is expressed in several tissues, such as heart, thyroid, trachea, kidney, ovary, pancreas, testis and stomach and acts as a negative regulator of G1 to S phase cell cycle production by collaborating with GADD45 proteins to inhibit the activity of cyclin-dependent kinases.

EIF1AX is an important eukaryotic translation initiation factor. EIF1AX is essential for the binding of the 43S complex (a 40S subunit, eIF2/GTP/Met-tRNAi and eIF3) to the 5'' end of capped RNA. EIF1AP1 is needed for maximal rate of protein biosynthesis. EIF1AX increases ribosome dissociation into subunits and stabilizes the binding of the initiator Met-tRNA (I) to 40 S ribosomal subunits.

FKBP3 is part of a family of immunosuppressant receptors which inhibit T-cell proliferation by arresting two distinct cytoplasmic signal transmission pathways. FKBP3 accelerates the folding of proteins. FKBP3 is part of the immunophilin protein family, which participates in immunoregulation and fundamental cellular processes concerning protein folding and trafficking. FKBP3 is a cis-trans prolyl isomerase enzyme that binds the immunosuppressants FK506 and rapamycin, as well as histone deacetylases, the transcription factor YY1, casein kinase II, and nucleolin. It has a greater affinity for rapamycin than for FK506 and therefore is a significant protein for immunosuppression by rapamycin.

Avidin is a tetrameric protein of 4 identical subunits (homotetramer) which can bind to biotin with a high degree of affinity and specificity. The estimated molecular weight of Avidin in its tetrameric form is between 66-69 kDa. Avidin is produced in the oviducts of birds, reptiles and amphibians and is subsequently deposited in the whites of their eggs. In the chicken egg white, avidin makes up roughly 0.05% of total protein (approximately 1.8 mg per egg). 10% of Avidin’s molecular weight is ascribed to carbohydrate content which is composed of 4-5 mannose and 3 N-acetylglucosamine residues. Avidin has at least three distinctive oligosaccharide structural type which are similar in structure and composition. The dissociation constant (KD) of avidin is approximately 10-15M, making it one of the strongest known non-covalent bonds.

GDNF promotes the survival and differentiation of minergic neurons in culture, and is able to prevent apoptosis of motor neurons induced by axotomy. The encoded protein is processed to a mature secreted form that exists as a homodimer. The mature form of the protein is a ligand for the product of the RET (rearranged during transfection) protooncogene. In addition to the transcript encoding GDNF, two additional alternative transcripts encoding distinct proteins, referred to as astrocyte-derived trophic factors, have also been described. Mutations in this gene may be associated with Hirschsprung disease.
GDNF enhances survival and morphological differentiation of minergic neurons and increases their high-affinity uptake.

IFN-gamma produced by lymphocytes activated by specific antigens or mitogens.
IFN-gamma, in addition to having antiviral activity, has important immunoregulatory functions, it is a potent activator of macrophages, and has antiproliferative effects on transformed cells and it can potentiate the antiviral and antitumor effects of the type I IFNs.

Survivin is part of the of the inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) family, which encodes negative regulatory proteins that prevent apoptotic cell death. Members of the IAP family include multiple baculovirus IAP repeat (BIR) domains, but Survivin has only a single BIR domain.
Survivin is an inhibitor of caspase activation therefore leading to negative regulation of apoptosis. BIRC5 is expressed in Merkel cell carcinoma.
BIRC5 polymorphism causes survivin expression, thus contributing to the genetic susceptibility to lung cancer. BIRC5 expression in large cell lung cancer is substantially higher than in normal tissue cells. Survivin mRNA is up-regulated in tumors. Apoptotic response of infected intestinal epithelial cells is suppressed by C. parvum via upregulation of BIRC5, favoring parasite infection. Up-regulation of of Survivin is associated with breast carcinomas.
BIRC5 increases the activity of an oncolytic adenovirus in the presence of low-dose radiotherapy. ER- breast cancer cells become dependent on Notch-survivin signaling for their maintenance, in vivo. Survivin mRNA positive cases are related with bladder tumour recurrence elevated expression of survivin might play an important role of development in nasal polyps.

TIGAR is a p53-inducible enzyme which catalyzes the hydrolysis of fructose-2-6 bisphosphate (F-2-6-BP) to fructose-6-phosphate and inorganic phosphate. F-2-6-BP is an influential activator of 6-phosphofructose-1 kinase (the rate limiting enzyme of glycolysis). By lowering the intracellular level of F-2-6-BP, TIGAR expression leads to increased glucose processing through the pentose phosphate pathway, the main cellular source for NADPH.

gAcrp30 globular protein, exists as a result of proteolytic processing of adiponectin. Adiponectin is manufactured and secreted solely by adipocytes, and is a highly obtained plasma protein, accounting for up to 0.05% of total serum protein. Similar to Adiponectin, gAcrp30 is able of lowering hyperglycemia and reversing INS resistance. In addition, gAcrp30 is an significant protein that is involved in promoting fat loss by signaling muscle to absorb and burn Free-Fatty Acids. AdipoR1 & AdipoR2 are the 2 signaling receptors for adiponectin and gAcrp30 that were recently been identified.

IFNI30 inducible lysosomal thiol reductase (IFI30), is a part of the GILT family. IFI30 is a lysosomal thiol reductase which at low pH is capable of decreasing protein’s disulfide bonds. IFI30 is expressed constitutively in antigen-presenting cells and induced by gamma-IFN in other cell types. Also, IFI30 plays an important role in MHC class II-restricted antigen processing. IFI30 facilitates the generation of MHC class II-restricted epitopes from disulfide bond-containing antigen by the endocytic reduction of disulfide bonds and Also facilitates MHC class I-restricted recognition of exogenous antigens containing disulfide bonds by CD8+ T-cells or cross-presentation.

Uromodulin is the most abundant protein in normal urine. Its secretion in urine follows proteolytic cleavage of the ectodomain of its glycosyl phosphatidylinosital-anchored counterpart that is situated on the luminal cell surface of the loop of Henle. Uromodulin plays a role as a constitutive inhibitor of calcium crystallization in renal fluids. Secretion of uromodulin in urine provides protection against urinary tract infections caused by uropathogenic bacteria. Defects in Uromodulin expression are associated with the autosomal dominant renal disorders medullary cystic kidney disease-2 (MCKD2) and familial juvenile hyperuricemic nephropathy (FJHN). These disorders are characterized by juvenile onset of hyperuricemia, gout, and progressive renal failure. While several transcript variants may exist for this gene, the full-length natures of only two have been described to date. UMOD is involved in regulating the circulating activity of cytokines as it binds to il-1, il-2 and tnf with high affinity.