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GDF-5 is a member of the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) family and the TGF-beta superfamily. This group of proteins is characterized by a polybasic proteolytic processing site which is cleaved to produce a mature protein containing seven conserved cysteine residues. The members of this family are regulators of cell growth and differentiation in both embryonic and adult tissues. Mutations in this gene are associated with acromesomelic dysplasia, Hunter-Thompson type; brachydactyly, type C; and chondrodysplasia, Grebe type. These associations confirm that the gene product plays a role in skeletal development.

GSTM3 belongs to the glutathione s-transferase (GST) family of proteins. There are eight GST proteins families, named alpha, kappa, mu, omega, pi, sigma, theta and zeta. Each one of the GST families has several proteins with different functions throughout the cell. The mu type of enzymes takes part in the detoxification of electrophilic compounds, including therapeutic drugs, carcinogens, environmental toxins and products of oxidative stress, by conjugation with glutathione.

MAPK3 is a part of the MAP kinase family which is recognized as extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs), that function in a signaling cascade that controls various cellular procedures such as proliferation, differentiation, and cell cycle progression in reaction to a variety of extracellular signals. MAPK3 is activated by upstream kinases, resulting in its translocation to the nucleus where it phosphorylates nuclear targets.

Glutaminyl-Peptide Cyclotransferase, also known as QPCT is a member of the glutaminyl-peptide cyclotransferase family. QPCT is responsible for the biosynthesis of pyroglutamyl peptides. Furthermore, QPCT is partial against acidic and tryptophan residues adjacent to the N-terminal glutaminyl residue and a lack of importance of chain length following the second residue. QPCT catalyzes N-terminal pyroglutamate formation, also in vitro, it catalyzes pyroglutamate formation of N-terminally truncated form of APP amyloid-beta peptides [Glu-3]-beta-amyloid.

MAP1LC3A takes part in formation of autophagosomal vacuoles and is one of the light chain subunits that functions together with both MAP1A and/or MAP1B. MAP1LC3A has an important part in neuronal development and in maintaining the balance between neuronal plasticity and rigidity. MAP1LC3A is expressed as two alternatively spliced isoforms that are expressed in testis, brain, heart, liver and skeletal muscle, but are absent in thymus and peripheral blood leukocytes.

Translocase of Outer Mitochondrial Membrane 34 (TOMM34) which is found in the cytoplasm and sometimes associated with the outer mitochondrial membrane is involved in the import of precursor proteins into mitochondria. TOMM34 has a chaperone-like activity, binding the mature portion of unfolded proteins and aiding their import into mitochondria. TOMM34 has a weak ATPase activity and contains 6 TPR repeats.

GPT catalyzes the reversible transamination between alanine and 2-oxoglutarate to create pyruvate and glutamate. GPT has a crucial part in the intermediary metabolism of glucose and amino acids. GPT is broadly used as an indicator of liver reliability or hepatocellular destruction in clinical tests.

THTPA enzyme is part of the THTPase family. THTPA is localized to the cytoplasm and expressed at small quantities in a variety of tissues, including testis, uterus, prostate, bladder, lung and kidney. THTPA is a hydrolase that catalyzes the H2O-dependent hydrolysis of thiamine triphosphate (THTP) to thiamine diphosphate (THDP), the main form of thiamine within the cell. THTPA occurs as a monomer and is activated at an optimal pH of 8.5.

Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 6 (MAP2K6) is a part of the dual specificity protein kinase family. MAP2K6 phosphorylates and activates p38 MAP kinase in response to inflammatory cytokines or environmental stress. MAP2K6 is a vital component of the MAP kinase signal transduction pathway. MAP2K6 takes part in various cellular processes such as stress induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis.

Thymidine phosphorylase precursor (TYMP) is a platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor that catalyzes the formation of thymine and 2-deoxy-D-ribose-1-phosphate from thymidine and orthophosphate. TYMP is an angiogenic inducer that potently stimulates the growth of endothelial cells and induces chemotaxis. TYMP has a highly restricted target cell specificity acting only on endothelial cells. An increased expression of TYMP is found in a broad array of different solid tumors and inflammatory diseases and is frequently associated with poor prognosis. Mutations in the TYMP gene are linked to mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalomyopathy.

PMSG Hormone is a well know used hormone together with progestogen to increase ovulation just before to artificial insemination. PMSG hormone is a placental glycoprotein produced from the serum of pregnant mares. PMSG comprises of an alfa subunit and a beta subunit. PMSG hormone is secreted from endometrial cups within the pregnant mare uterus aging from 40 to 130 days into their maturation, and once extracted, it can been used to promote artificially estrus in female animals. These assemblies produce PMSG hormone to induce mare's ovarian and repsouctive structures. PMSG can induce the growth of follicles by ovaries and results in ovulatation. PMSG hormone has an about a 4 day half-life of bioactivity in species other than horses. The extended biological activity can cause ovarian stimulation and ovulation. However, PMSG use alone often causes cystic ovarian disease because of the unrestrained ovarian stimulation and due to the sugar molecules which decrease clearance of the hormone. PMSG is more likely to be used than other pituitary hormones due to the extended circulatory half-life. PMSG solely exhibits luteinizing hormone like activity, however in other animal classes it has FSH & LH like activity.

Insulin-like Growth Factor-Binding Protein 7 (IGFBP7) is a member of the IGFBP family. IGFBP family members are all cysteine rich proteins with conserved cysteine and have an IGFBP domain, a Kazal-like domain and an Ig-like C2-type domain. IGFBP7 is expressed in a broad range of normal human tissues and it mostly shows reduced expression in cancer cell lines of prostate, breast, colon, and lung origin. IGFBP7 has a role in skeletal myogenesis by binding to IGF in a manner which inhibits IGF induced differentiation of skeletal myoblasts, without disturbing IGF induced proliferation. Moreover, IGFBP7 suppresses growth and colony formation of prostate and breast cancer cell lines via an IGF independent mechanism, which triggers a delay in the G1 phase of the cell cycle, and increased apoptosis.

TPPP3 is a member of the TPPP family and is found in the cytoplasm. TPPP3 binds tubulin, has microtubule bundling activity takes part in mitosis and cell proliferation.

Synaptotagmin-1(SYT1) is a member of the synaptotagmin family, which contains two C2 domains. The synaptotagmins are integral membrane proteins of synaptic vesicles assumed to function as Ca(2+) sensors in the process of vesicular trafficking and exocytosis. SYT1 is the principal regulator responsible for allowing the human brain to release neurotransmitters. SYT1 may have a regulatory role in the membrane interactions during trafficking of synaptic vesicles at the active zone of the synapse. SYT1 binds acidic phospholipids with a specificity which entails the presence of both an acidic head group and a diacyl backbone. SYT1 can also bind to at least 3 additional proteins in a Ca2+-independent manner; these being neurexins, syntaxin and AP2.

MPI is a member of the mannose-6-phosphate isomerase type 1 family. Although MPI is expressed in all tissues, it can be found more abundantly in heart, brain and skeletal muscle. Localized to the cytoplasm, MPI exploits zinc as a cofactor and catalyzes the interconversion of fructose-6-phosphate and mannose-6-phosphate. Mutations in the MPI gene are the cause of carbohydrate-deficient glycoprotein syndrome, type Ib.

Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (CDKIs) are proteins that bind to and inhibit the activity of CDKs. Two major classes of CDK inhibitors have been identified. The p16 family (p15, p16, p18 and p19) binds to and inhibits the activities of CDK4 and CDK6. The p21 family (p21, p27, p28 and p57) can bind to broad range of CDK-cyclin complexes and inhibit their activities. CDKIs are capable of suppressing growth, and several lines of evidence strongly suggest that at least some CDKIs may be tumor suppressor proteins.

PGAM1 is part of the phosphoglycerate mutase family. PGAM1 is an essential component of glucose and 2,3-BPGA (2,3-bisphosphoglycerate) metabolism and catalyzes the reversible reaction of 3-phosphoglycerate (3-PGA) to 2-phosphoglycerate (2-PGA) in the glycolytic pathway. PGAM1 is a dimeric enzyme containing, in different tissues, different proportions of a slow-migrating muscle (MM) isozyme, a fast-migrating brain (BB) isozyme, and a hybrid form (MB). PGAM1 mutations lead to muscle phosphoglycerate mutase deficiency, a.k.a. glycogen storage disease X.

Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Non Receptor Type-4, also known asPTPN4 belongs to the protein tyrosine phosphatase, PTP family. PTPs are identified as signaling molecules which regulate a variety of cellular processes as well as cell growth, differentiation, mitotic cycle, and oncogenic transformation. PTPN4 is broadly expressed non-receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase. In addition, PTPN4 interacts with glutamate receptor delta 2 & epsilon, and affects glutamate receptors signaling and/or in regulation of their activities through tyrosine dephosphorylation.

GAMT is a methyltransferase that transfers guanidoacetate to creatine, using S-adenosylmethionine as the methyl donor. Defects GAMT gene result in neurologic syndromes and muscular hypotonia, probably due to creatine deficiency and accumulation of guanidinoacetate in the brain of affected individuals. GAMT take parts in the two-step synthesis of creatine from the protein building blocks glycine, arginine, and methionine. GAMT takes part in supplying the energy for muscle contraction, and is in addition a significant player in nervous system functioning. GAMT is active in the liver, pancreas, and kidne.

GZMK is a part of a group of related serine proteases from the cytoplasmic granules of cytotoxic lymphocytes. Cytolytic T lymphocytes and natural killer cells have the outstanding ability to bind, recognize and lyse specific target cells. They defend their host by lysing cells bearing on their surface 'nonself' antigens, usually peptides or proteins resulting from infection by intracellular pathogens.