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Phosducin-like protein (PDCL) is a member of the phosducin family. PDCL is a putative modulator of heterotrimeric G proteins. PDCL shares broad amino acid sequence homology with phosducin, a phosphoprotein expressed in the retina and pineal gland. Both PDCL and phosphoducin regulate G-protein signaling by binding to the beta-gamma subunits of G proteins.

PSMB1 is part of the proteasome B-type family, also identified as the T1B family, that is a 20S core beta subunit. PSMB1 is tightly linked to the TBP (TATA-binding protein) gene in human and in mouse, and is transcribed in the opposite orientation in both species.The main function of PSMB1 is its degradation activity of unnecessary or damaged proteins by proteolysis. PSMB1 is a multicatalytic proteinase complex which is characterized by its ability to cleave peptides with arg, phe, tyr, leu, and glu adjacent to the leaving group at neutral or slightly basic ph. the proteasome has an atp-dependent proteolytic activity.

CD138 takes a part in cell adhesion. CD138 is expressed on the surface of pre-B cells and plasma cells but is absent from mature B cells. SDC1 is a selective marker for B cell lymphoblastic leukemia and lymphoplasmacytoid leukemia. SDC1 is missing from the apoptotic myeloma cells; therefore is a valuable marker for plasma cell and myeloma cells.

PCDHGL4 belongs to one of three related clusters tandemly linked on chromosome five - the protocadherin gamma gene cluster. These gene clusters have an immunoglobulin-like organization, which indicates that a novel mechanism takes part in their regulation and expression. These neural cadherin-like cell adhesion proteins have a vital role in the establishment and function of specific cell-cell connections in the brain.

Ephrin A5 (EFNA5) is a part of the ephrin ligand family which binds the members of ephrin receptor subfamily of tyrosine kinases and stimulates contact-dependent bidirectional signaling into neighboring cells. EFNA5 is mainly expressed in human adult brain, heart, spleen, and ovary and human fetal brain, lung, and kidney.

S100A3 is part of S100 family of proteins containing 2 EF-hand calcium-binding motifs. S100 proteins are localized in the cytoplasm/nucleus of a broad range of cells, and takes part in the regulation of several cellular processes such as cell cycle progression and differentiation. S100A3 has the largest number of cysteines of all S100 proteins. S100A3 has high affinity for Zinc, and is widely expressed in human hair cuticle.

FKBP4 is part of the immunophilin protein family, which takes part in immunoregulation and necessary cellular processes concerning protein folding and trafficking. FKBP4 is a cis-trans prolyl isomerase that connects to the immunosuppressants FK506 and rapamycin. FKBP4 has high structural and functional similarity to FKBP1A, though, FKBP4 does not have immunosuppressant activity when complexed with FK506. FKBP4 is known to connect with phytanoyl-CoA alpha-hydroxylase. FKBP4 associates with HSP90 & HSP70 thus takes part in the intracellular trafficking of hetero-oligomeric forms of the steroid hormone receptors. FKBP4 highly associates with adeno-associated virus type 2 vectors (AAV) resulting in a considerable increase in AAV-mediated transgene expression in human cell lines. FKBP4 is involved in the optimal use of AAV vectors in human gene therapy.

Prepronociceptin (PNOC) is the ligand of the opioid receptor-like receptor (OPRL1). PNOC functions as a transmitter in the brain by modulating nociceptive and locomotor behavior. The PNOC protein may also be involved in neuronal differentiation and development.

Serpin Peptidase Inhibitor, Clade A Member 8 (SERPINA8), which is a pre-angiotensinogen or angiotensinogen precursor, is expressed in the liver and cleaved by the enzyme renin in response to lowered blood pressure. The ensuing product, angiotensin I, is at that point cleaved by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) to produce the physiologically active enzyme angiotensin II. SERPINA8 protein is involved in maintaining blood pressure and in the pathogenesis of essential hypertension and preeclampsia. SERPINA8 gene mutations are linked with susceptibility to essential hypertension, and may cause renal tubular dysgenesis, which is a severe disorder of renal tubular development. Defects in the SERPINA8 gene are also linked with non-familial structural atrial fibrillation, and inflammatory bowel disease.

Cadherin-5 (CDH5) belongs to the atypical/type 2 subgroup of Cadherin homophilic adhesion proteins. Cadherin-5 is a calcium-dependent cell-cell adhesion molecule, which is comprised of 5 extracellular cadherin repeats, a transmembrane region and a highly conserved cytoplasmic tail. Cadherin-5 protein plays a role in the formation, maturation and remodeling of the vascular wall. CDH5 is generally considered to be specific for vascular endothelia in which it is either the sole or the predominant cadherin, often co-existing with N-cadherin. Moreover, the CDH5 protein regulates or is regulated by VEGF R2, type 1 and type 2 TGF-beta receptors, and other endothelial junction proteins such as JAM-C, Claudin-5, and N-Cadherin. CDH5 also connects with alpha-catenin forming a link to the cytoskeleton. CDH5 functions jointly with KRIT1 to create and maintain correct endothelial cell polarity and vascular lumen. Furthermore, Cadherin-5 is essential for activation of PRKCZ and for the localization of phosphorylated PRKCZ, PARD3, TIAM1 and RAP1B to the cell junction. The CDH5 gene is located in a gene cluster in a region on the long arm of chromosome 16 which is involved in loss of heterozygosity events in breast and prostate cancer.

SCO Cytochrome Oxidase Deficient Homolog 1, also known as SCO1 is a member of the SCO1/2 family. Mammalian cytochrome c oxidase (COX) catalyzes the transfer of reducing equivalents from cytochrome c to molecular oxygen and pumps protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane. Furthermore, in yeast, two related COX assembly genes, SCO1 & SCO2 which are synthesis of cytochrome c oxidase, enable subunits 1 as well as 2 to be incorporated into the holoprotein. This gene is the human homolog to the yeast SCO1 gene. Among the diseases associated with SCO1 are hepatic failure, early-onset, neurologic disorder due to cytochrome c oxidase deficiency and fatal infantile cytochrome c oxidase deficiency.

MCM7 is a highly conserved mini-chromosome maintenance protein (MCM) vital for eukaryotic genome replication initiation. The MCM proteins form a hexameric protein complex which is a key component of the pre-replication complex (pre_RC) which takes part in replication forks formation and in DNA replication related proteins recruitment. The MCM complex is comprised of MCM2, 4, 6 and 7 proteins and possesses DNA helicase activity, such as DNA unwinding.

SERPINI1 (Neuroserpin) is an inhibitory serpin which is expressed primarily in the central nervous system. Even though the physiological target of SERPINI1 is still vague, amassed evidence suggest that SERPINI1 has an imperative role in controlling proteolytic degradation of extracellular matrix (ECM) during synaptogenesis and the subsequent development of neuronal plasticity. The neuroprotective role of SERPINI1 has been demonstrated in transgenic mice lacking SERPINI1 expression. The deficiency of SERPINI1 in these mice is linked with motor neuron disease characterized by axonal degradation. In humans, defects in SERPINI1, caused by point mutations in the neuroserpin gene, trigger a hereditary disorder known as the familial encephalopathy with neuroserpin inclusion bodies (FENIB).

ANXA1 is part of the family of Ca(2+)-dependent phospholipid binding proteins which have a Mw between 35kDa-40kDa and are situated on the cytosolic face of the plasma membrane. ANXA1 protein has a Mw of 40kDa, with phospholipase A2 inhibitory activity to bind from two to four calcium ions with high affinity. Since phospholipase A2 is necessary for the biosynthesis of the potent mediators of inflammation, prostaglandins and leukotrienes, ANXA1 might have potential anti-inflammatory activity. ANXA1 promotes membrane fusion and iplays a role in exocytosis. The recognition of ANXA1 protein by immunocytochemical leads a simple, highly sensitive and specific assay for diagnosis of hairy cell leukemia.

V-Set Domain Containing T Cell Activation Inhibitor 1, also known as VCTN1, is part of the B7 costimulatory protein family. Proteins in this family are located on the surface of antigen-presenting cells and interact with ligand bound to receptors on the surface of T cells. High level of the encoded protein has been associated with tumor progression. VCTN1 also takes part in promoting epithelial cell transformation.

Killer Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily C, Member 1 (KLRC1) is a part of the killer cell lectin-like receptor family. KLRC1 functions as a receptor for the detection of MHC class I HLA-E molecules by NK cells and some cytotoxic T-cells. KLRC1 is also connects with CD94 and is expressed on NK cells and some activated T cell.

Killer cell lectin-like receptor subfamily F member 1, aka KLRF1, is a member of the C-type lectin family. KLRF1, an activating homodimeric C-type lectin-like receptor (CTLR), is expressed on nearly all natural killer (NK) cells and stimulates their cytoxicity and cytokine release. Killer cell lectin-like receptor subfamily F member 1 works through interaction with its ligand, AICL (activation-induced C-type lectin), which is selectively expressed on myeloid cells. AICL interaction regulates the immune responses at sites of inflammation by stimulating the release of proinflammatory cytokines. Diseases associated with KLRF1 include Developmental And Epileptic Encephalopathy 76.

Annexin A10 (ANXA10) is a member of the annexin family of calcium-binding proteins that contains a few members which are described by a conserved core domain that binds phospholipids in a Ca2+-dependent manner, and a unique amino-terminal region, which may convene binding specificity. The ANXA10 protein contains 4 annexin domains and might be required in the regulation of cellular growth and signal transduction pathways throughout the cell.

Reticulocalbin 3 (RCN3) belongs to the CREC (cab45/reticulocalbin/ ERC45/calumenin) family. RCN3 contains 5 Arg-Xaa-Xaa-Arg motifs, which function as target sequences of SPCs (subtilisin-like proprotein convertases), which is a family of serine endoproteases that proteolytically activate proproteins. The synthesis of PACE4 is induced by association and coexpression with RCN3.

S100 calcium binding protein A5 (S100A5) belongs to the S100 family of proteins containing 2 EF-hand calcium-binding motifs. S100 family members are localized in the cytoplasm and/or nucleus of a wide range of cells, and are involved in the regulation of a number of cellular processes such as cell cycle progression and differentiation. S100A5 has a Ca2+ affinity 20-100 fold higher than the other S100 proteins investigated under identical conditions. Furthermore, S100A5 protein binds Zn2+ and Cu2+, and Cu2+ strongly which harms the binding of Ca2+. S100A5 is expressed in very limited regions of the adult brain.

Troponin Complex is a heteromeric protein playing an important role in the regulation of skeletal and cardiac muscle contraction. It consists of three subunits, Troponin I , Troponin T and Troponin C. Each subunit is responsible for part of Troponin Complex function. E.g. Troponin I inhibits ATP-ase activity of acto-myosin. Troponin T and Troponin I are presented in cardiac muscles in different forms than in skeletal muscles. Purified subunits of rcTnI, rcTnC and rcTnT are recomplexed in vitro under appropriate conditions.

SEMA7A (semaphorin-7A isoform 1), is a membrane-bound semaphorin which is linked with cell surfaces via a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) linkage. SEMA7A encourages formation of focal adhesion complexes, activation of the protein kinase PTK2/FAK1 and subsequent phosphorylation of MAPK3 & MAPK1. SEMA7A takes a vital part in integrin-mediated signaling and functions in regulating cell migration as well as immune responses. In addition, SEMA7A promotes the production of proinflammatory cytokines by macrophages & monocytes.

TLR3 (Toll-like receptor 3) belongs to the toll-like receptor family which takes an essential part in pathogen recognition as well as activation of innate immunity. TLR3 has innate immune receptors for sensing microbial molecules in addition to damage-associated molecular patterns released from host cells. TLR3 recognizes dsRNA and activation of the receptor which induces the activation of NF-kappaB and the production of type I interferons. TLR3 signaling activation is related with ischemic preconditioning-induced protection against brain ischemia and attenuation of reactive astrogliosis. TLR3 is most plentifully expressed in the placenta & pancreas, and is limited to the dendritic subpopulation of the leukocytes.

Junctional Adhesion Molecule 2 (JAM2) is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily, and the junctional adhesion molecule (JAM) family. JAM2 is a type I membrane protein which is localized at the tight junctions of both epithelial and endothelial cells. JAM2 functions as an adhesive ligand for interacting with various immune cell types, and may have a role in lymphocyte homing to secondary lymphoid organs.