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Glutathione S-transferase, also known as GST, is an antioxidant enzyme. It is the primary defense mechanism from reactive oxygen in the cell. The enzyme GST reduces hydroperoxides of lipids via a Se-independent glutathione peroxidase actions. GST detoxifies peroxidation of lipids bi-products, for example 4-hydroxynonenal.

Urate oxidase catalyzes the enzymatic oxidation (degrades) of uric acid into allantoin, an inactive and soluble metabolite, which is 5 to 10 fold more soluble than uric acid . Urate oxidase is an enzyme of the purine breakdown pathway that catalyses the oxidation of uric acid to allantoin. Uricase is present in numerous diverse organisms, but not in higher primates including human. Hyperuricaemia is most commonly associated with gout and also occurs in mammalians with malignancy, especially those with lymphoid malignancies due to rapid cell turnover and an increased rate of purine metabolism. Uricase is effective in the prevention and treatment of hyperuricaemia in mammalians with malignancy and in those who have undergone transplantation. It appears to act rapidly, safely and induces a more dramatic decrease in plasma levels of uric acid.

MMAB protein catalyzes the last step in the conversion of vitamin B(12) into adenosylcobalamin (AdoCbl), a vitamin B12 containing coenzyme for methylmalonyl-CoA mutase(MCM). Decreased MMAB activity leads to the inherited disorder vitamin B12 dependent methylmalonic aciduria linked to the cblB complementation group.

GOT2 is a pyridoxal phosphate-dependent enzyme which is found in cytoplasmic and inner-membrane mitochondrial forms, GOT1 and GOT2. GOT2 is invloved in amino acid metabolism and the urea and tricarboxylic acid cycles. The 2 enzymes are homodimeric and demonstrate close homology.

Rhodanese is a mitochondrial matrix enzyme that is encoded by the nucleus. Rhodanese is involved in cyanide detoxification, the formation of iron-sulfur proteins, and the modification of sulfur-containing enzymes. Rhodanese catalyzes the chemical reaction of thiosulfate & cyanide to sulfite & thiocyanate (detoxification). Rhodanese is part of the transferase family of proteins. Rhodanese includes two highly conservative domains, identified as rhodanese homology domains. In mammals, the majority of cyanide is converted to thiocyanate. Rhodanese has weak mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase activity.

Adenosine Deaminase (ADA), also recognized as ADAT2 is an enzyme that takes part in purine metabolism. ADAT2 is necessary for the breakdown of adenosine from food and for the turnover of nucleic acids in tissues. ADAT2 is involved in the deamination of adenosine-34 to inosine in numerous tRNAs. ADAT2 is part of the cytidine and deoxycytidylate deaminase protein family, ADAT2 employs zinc as a cofactor. ADAT2 is a 191 amino acid enzyme that exists as two isoforms formed by alternative splicing events.

SULT1E1 catalyzes the sulfate conjugation of many hormones, neurotransmitters, drugs, and xenobiotic compounds. These cytosolic enzymes are different in their tissue distributions and substrate specificities. Decreased SULT1E1 expression is linked with estrogen-dependent endometrial carcinomas. Altered cellular proliferation was detected in cells stably expressing SULT1E1.

Guanosine monophosphate reductase (GMPR) catalyzes the irreversible NADPH-dependent deamination of GMP to IMP. GMPR acts in the conversion of nucleobase, nucleoside and nucleotide derivatives of G to A nucleotides, and in upholding the intracellular balance of A and G nucleotides. In addition, the GMPR protein functions in the re-utilization of free intracellular bases and purine nucleosides.

NUDT1 is an enzyme that hydrolyzes oxidized purine nucleoside triphosphates, such as 8-oxo-dGTP, 8-oxo-dATP, 2-hydroxy-dATP, and 2-hydroxy rATP, to monophosphates, thereby preventing misincorporation of 8-oxo-dGTP into DNA thus preventing A:T to C:G transversions. NUDT1 is found mostly in the cytoplasm, with some in the mitochondria, suggesting that it is involved in the sanitization of nucleotide pools both for nuclear and mitochondrial genomes. Moreover, NUDT1 is expressed at much higher levels in proliferating cells than in resting cells. Misincorporation of oxidized nucleoside triphosphates into DNA/RNA during replication and transcription can cause mutations which may result in carcinogenesis or neurodegeneration.

MAT2A is an important enzyme in cellular metabolism and catalyzes the formation of S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe) from L-methionine and ATP. MAT2A is expressed in extrahepatic tissues. In liver, MAT2A expression associates with growth, dedifferentiation, and cancer. NF-kappa B and AP-1 are necessary for basal MAT2A expression in HepG2 cells and mediate the increase in MAT2A expression in response to TNF-alpha. Up-regulation of MAT2A provides growth improvement and s-adenosylmethionine and methylthioadenosine thus can block mitogenic signaling in colon cancer cells. Lower expression of both MAT2A and MAT2beta and interfere with leptin signaling in liver cancer cells.

Glutathione S-transferase mu 5 (GSTM5) belongs to the glutathione s-transferase (GST) family of proteins. There are 8 families of GST proteins, specifically alpha, kappa, mu, omega, pi, sigma, theta and zeta, each of which is comprised of proteins which have various functions throughout the cell. GSTM5 belongs to the mu class of enzymes which function in the detoxification of electrophilic compounds, including carcinogens, therapeutic drugs, environmental toxins and products of oxidative stress, by conjugation with glutathione. GSTM5 has an imperative role in detoxification. GSTM5 conjugates reduced glutathione to a large number of exogenous and endogenous hydrophobic electrophiles.

Glycine amidinotransferase mitochondrial (GATM) is a mitochondrial enzyme which is a member of the amidinotransferase family. The GATM enzyme is involved in creatine biosynthesis, where it catalyzes the transfer of a guanido group from L-arginine to glycine, resulting in guanidinoacetic acid, the immediate precursor of creatine, which has an imperative role in energy metabolism in muscle tissues. GATM is significant in embryonic and central nervous system development. GATM gene mutations cause arginine:glycine amidinotransferase deficiency, an inborn error of creatine synthesis characterized by mental retardation, language impairment, and behavioral disorders.

Elastase-2 (ELANE) is a serine protease that belongs to the chymotrypsin family. ELANE breaks down elastin, an elastic fiber together with collagen and controls the mechanical properties of connective tissue. The neutrophil form breaks down the Outer membrane protein A (OmpA) of E. coli and other Gram-negative bacteria. ELANEis inhibited by the acute-phase protein alpha 1-antitrypsin (A1AT), which binds almost irreversibly to the active site of elastase and trypsin.A1AT is usually secreted by the liver cells into the serum. A1AD leads to uninhibited destruction of elastic fiber by elastase.

RNA methyltransferase-like protein 1, also known as RNMTL1 is a member of the RNA methyltransferase TrmH family. RNMTL1 is probable RNA methyltransferase and expressed at an equal level in normal liver and hepatocarcinoma.

NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 5 (NDUFA5) is a member of the complex I NDUFA5 subunit family. The human NDUFA5 gene codes for the B13 subunit of complex I of the respiratory chain that transfers electrons from NADH to ubiquinone. The NDUFA5 protein localizes to the inner mitochondrial membrane as part of the seven component-containing, water soluble 'iron-sulfur protein' (IP) fraction of complex I, even though its exact role is undetermined.

Aldolase C Fructose-Bisphosphate (ALDOC) belongs to the class I fructose-bisphosphate aldolase family. ALDOC is a glycolytic enzyme which catalyzes the reversible aldol cleavage of fructose-1,6-biphosphate and fructose 1-phosphate to dihydroxyacetone phosphate and either glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate or glyceraldehydes respectively. ALDOC is expressed exclusively in the hippocampus and Purkinje cells of the brain.

NADH Dehydrogenase 1 Beta Subcomplex 4 (NDUFB4) is a member of the complex I NDUFB4 subunit family. NDUFB4 is a non-catalytic subunit of the multisubunit NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase, which is the first enzyme complex in the mitochondrial electron transport chain (complex I). Mammalian complex I is comprised of 45 different subunits and transfers electrons from NADH to ubiquinone.

NADH Dehydrogenase Flavoprotein 2 (NDUFV2) is a 24 kDa Core subunit of the mitochondrial membrane respiratory chain NADH dehydrogenase (Complex I) which is a part of the minimal assembly required for catalysisthe. NDUFV2 is aslo involved in electron transfer. Mutations in NDUFV2 are implicated in Parkinson's disease, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and have been discovered in one case of early onset hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and encephalopathy.

ASMT is a member of the methyltransferase superfamily. ASMT participates in melatonin biosynthesis. ASMT Expressed in brain, retina and pineal gland, ASMT utilities to catalyze the final reaction in the synthesis of melatonin, particularly the conversion of S-adenosyl-L-methionine and N-acetylserotonin to S-adenosyl-Lhomocysteine and melatonin.