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OLR1 is a type II membrane protein which belongs to the C-type lectin family and performs as a cell-surface receptor for Ox-LDL. Ox-LDL has a part in early ather-osclerosis, which includes the transformation of monocyte-derived macro-phages to foam cells in atherosclerotic lesions. In addition, OLR1 protein triggers the activation of the NF?B signal transduction pathway.

BID is a pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 protein having only the BH3 domain. In reaction to apoptotic signaling, BID interacts with another Bcl-2 family of cell death regulators, called Bax, they form a heterodimer resulting to the insertion of Bax into the outer mitochondrial membrane. Bax induces the opening of the mitochondrial voltage-dependent anion channel which lead to the release of cytochrome c and other pro-apoptotic factors from the mitochondria resulting in activation of caspases. BID is a mediator of mitochondrial damage induced by caspase-8 (CASP8). CASP8 cleaves BID, and the COOH-terminal part translocates to mitochondria where it triggers cytochrome c release. The major proteolytic product p15 BID releasea cytochrome c. Isoform 1, Isoform 2 and Isoform 4 induce ice-like proteases and apoptosis while Isoform 3 does not induce apoptosis.

NELL2 is expressed in large quantities in neural tissues and has a significant role in the development of neural tissues. In addition, NELL protein has six epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like repeat domains which plays a part in calcium binding.

Lymphotoxin Beta Receptor, also known as LTBR takes part in signaling during the development of lymphoid and other organs, lipid metabolism, immune response, and programmed cell death. In addition, the activity of this receptor has been associated to carcinogenesis. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding multiple isoforms have been observed for LTBR.

Galectin-2 or LGALS2 is a protein, part of the galectin proteins family. The galectin proteins family holds galectin proteins family lectins that mediates adhesion between cells or cells to ECM. This family also take part in pre-mRNA splicing, apoptosis & tumor progression. Galectin-2 induces apoptosis in T cells that are activated & binds to lymphotoxin-a, also can implicatate on myocardial infarction. LGALS2 from human and mouse share about 65% amino acid sequence resemblance.

FCGR1A is a member of to the immunoglobulin superfamily. FCGR1A protein acts as a high affinity receptor for the Fc region of immunoglobulins gamma and has a vital part in both innate and adaptive immune response.

Epidermal growth factor receptor or EGFR or Erb-1 is a membranal protein that acts as a receptor for the extracellular EGF proteins family. This protein is a part of a family of receptors called ErbB family which are all tyrosine kinases receptors. Mutations in the gene of this receptors can cause cancer.

CD207 (C-type lectin domain family 4 member K) is expressed in Langerhans cells which are immature dendritic cells of the epidermis and mucosa. Moreover, CD207 is expressed in several other dendritic cell types including dermal CD103+ DCs and splenic CD8+ DCs. Langerin is localized in the Birbeck granules, the organelles present in the cytoplasm of Langerhans cells and comprised of superimposed and zippered membranes. CD207 is a C-type lectin with mannose binding specificity, and it has been suggested that mannose binding by the CD207 protein leads to internalization of antigen into Birbeck granules thus providing access to a nonclassical antigen-processing pathway.

CD79A is a signal-transducing part of the B-cell receptor which plays various roles in B cell development and function. CD79A is also needed for BCR surface expression and for efficient differentiation of pro-B and pre-B-cells. CD79A plays an important role in the tumor promoting effects of myeloid cells, and is a novel target for cancer therapy.

TLR3 (Toll-like receptor 3) belongs to the toll-like receptor family which takes an essential part in pathogen recognition as well as activation of innate immunity. TLR3 has innate immune receptors for sensing microbial molecules in addition to damage-associated molecular patterns released from host cells. TLR3 recognizes dsRNA and activation of the receptor which induces the activation of NF-kappaB and the production of type I interferons. TLR3 signaling activation is related with ischemic preconditioning-induced protection against brain ischemia and attenuation of reactive astrogliosis. TLR3 is most plentifully expressed in the placenta & pancreas, and is limited to the dendritic subpopulation of the leukocytes.

CD27 belongs to the TNF-receptor superfamily. CD27 is necessary for initiation and long-term maintenance of T cell immunity. CD27 binds to ligand CD70, and has a crucial role in regulating B-cell activation and immunoglobulin synthesis. The CD27 receptor transduces signals which result in the activation of NF-kappaB and MAPK8/JNK. Adaptor proteins TRAF2 and TRAF5 mediate the signaling process of CD27. CD27-binding protein (SIVA), which is a proapoptotic protein, can bind to the CD27 receptor and is believed to have a significant role in the apoptosis induced by CD27.

Integrins are heterodimeric integral membrane proteins composed of an alpha chain and a beta chain. This I-domain containing alpha integrin combines with the beta 2 chain (ITGB2) to form a leukocyte-specific integrin referred to as macrophage receptor 1 ('Mac-1'), or inactivated-C3b (iC3b) receptor 3 ('CR3'). The alpha M beta 2 integrin is important in the adherence of neutrophils and monocytes to stimulated endothelium, and also in the phagocytosis of complement coated particles. Integrin alpha-m/beta-2 is implicated in various adhesive interactions of monocytes, macrophages and granulocytes as well as in mediating the uptake of complement-coated particles. CD-11b is identical with cr-3, the receptor for the ic3b fragment of the third complement component. CD-11b probably recognizes the r-g-d peptide in c3b. Integrin alpha-m/beta-2 is also a receptor for fibrinogen, factor x and icam1. it recognizes p1 and p2 peptides of fibrinogen gamma chain.

Chemokine (C motif) ligand (XCL1) is a small cytokine belonging to the XC chemokine family that is also known as lymphotactin. It is found in high levels in spleen, thymus, intestine and peripheral blood leukocytes, and at lower levels in lung, prostate gland and ovary. Cellular sources for XCL1 include activated thymic and peripheral blood CD8+ T cells. This chemokine attracts T cells. In humans, XCL1 is closely related to another chemokine called XCL2, whose geneis found at the same locus on chromosome 1. XCL1 induces it chemotactic function by binding to a chemokine receptor called XCR1.

4-1BBR is a member of the TNF-receptor superfamily. 4-1BB receptor contributes to the clonal expansion, survival, and development of T cells.4-1BBRcan also induce proliferation in peripheral monocytes, enhance T cell apoptosis induced by TCR/CD3 triggered activation, and regulate CD28 co-stimulation to promote Th1 cell responses. The expression of this receptor is induced by lymphocyte activation. TRAF adaptor proteins have been shown to bind to this receptor and transduce the signals leading to activation of NF-kappaB.

CD21 is expressed strongly on mature B cells, follicular dentritic cells and weakly on immature thymocytes and T lymphocytes. In B-cell ontogeny, CD21 appears after the pre-B-stage, is maintained during peripheral B-cell development and is lost upon terminal differentiation into plasma cells. CD21 expression is also gradually lost after stimulation of B cells in vitro. CD21 functions as receptor for C3d, C3dg and iC3b Complement components, for EBV and for IFNalpha. CD21 binds to CD23 and associates with CD19, CD81 and Leu13 to form a large signal-transduction complex involved in B cell activation.

ICAM-1 also called CD54 is a single chain membrane glycoprotein expressed on the surface of a variety of non-haematopoietic and haematopoietic cell types and has roles in signal transduction, cell signaling and lymphocyte adhesion. ICAM1 binds to integrins such as CD11a / CD18, or CD11b / CD18. ICAM1 is also used by Rhinovirus as a receptor. ICAM-1 is an intercellular adhesion molecule constantly present in low concentrations in the membranes of leukocytes and endothelial cells. When stimulated by cytokine the concentrations significantly increase. ICAM-1 can be stimulated by interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFA) and is expressed by the vascular endothelium, macrophages and lymphocytes. ICAM-1 is a ligand for LFA-1 which is a receptor found on leukocytes. Upon activation, leukocytes bind to endothelial cells via ICAM-1/LFA-1 and then transmigrate into tissues.
ICAM-1 is implicated in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Levels of ICAM-1 are shown to be notably elevated in patients with SAH.
Soluble ICAM-1 is detectable in the plasma and is elevated in patients with various inflammatory conditions.

CD3D, also known as Delta Polypeptide (TiT3 Complex), is a single-pass type 1 membrane protein. CD3D jointly with CD3-zeta, CD3-gamma, CD3-epsilon and the T-cell receptor alpha/beta and gamma/delta heterodimers, creates the T-cell receptor-CD3 complex. Once antigen presenting cells (APCs) activate T-cell receptor (TCR), TCR-mediated signals are transferred through the cell membrane by the CD3 chains CD3D, CD3E, CD3G and CD3Z. Likewise, CD3D takes an important part in adaptive immune response and participates in thymocyte differentiation.

The IL-6 receptor complex is composed of two membrane glycoproteins: the low affinity receptor and the signaltransducing component. The soluble form of IL6R is found in the urine of healthy adult humans and the serum of HIV positive individuals, as well as in the cell culture supernatants of stimulated PBMC’s. This soluble form of IL6R results from either proteolytic cleavage from the membrane, or an isoform derived splice variant.

TRAIL Receptor-3, also known as TNFRSF10C belongs to theTNF-receptor super family. TNFRSF10C contains an extracellular TRAIL-binding domain as well as a transmembranedomain, however no cytoplasmic death domain. Furthermore, TNFRSF10C is not capable of inducing apoptosis, and is considered toact as an antagonistic receptor which protects cells from TRAIL-induced apoptosis.

IL-12 is a heterodimeric cytokine that stimulates the production of IFNgamma from T-cells and natural killer cells, and also induces differentiation of Th1 helper cells. IL-12 is an initiator of cell-mediated immunity.

Human TNFRSF10A is a type 1 transmembrane protein in the TNF R superfamily. TNFRSF10A is not expressed in rodents. The trimeric ligand Trail binds TNFRSF10A and induces apoptosis, and recombinant, soluble forms of the receptor inhibit Trail-induced apoptosis. TNFRSF10A is expressed generally in damaged, infected, and malignant cells. TNFRSF10A functions in immune surveillance, inducing apoptosis in cancer cells but not normal cells.

The IL1RL1 gene is a member of the IL-1 receptor family, encoding a transmembrane protein with a structure similar to IL-1R1. IL1RL1 is a receptor for interleukin-33, its stimulation recruits MYD88, IRAK1, IRAK4, and TRAF6, followed by phosphorylation of MAPK3/ERK1 and/or MAPK1/ERK2, MAPK14, and MAPK8. IL1RL1 may possibly be involved in helper T-cell function. IL1RL1 is highly expressed in kidney, lung, placenta, stomach, skeletal muscle, colon and small intestine.
A soluble form of the IL1RL1 is produced from the same gene by alternative splicing and was shown to be expressed in several cell types including fibroblasts and mast cells. Soluble IL1RL1 also acts as a negative regulator of Th2 cytokine production and high levels have been reported in several disease states and conditions including asthma, sepsis and myocardial infarction.
Analysis of the similar gene in mouse suggested that the IL1RL1 receptor can be induced by proinflammatory stimuli, and may be involved in the function of helper T cells.