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CD3-epsilonpolypeptide (CD3E) along with CD3-gamma, -delta and -zeta, and the T-cell receptor alpha/beta and gamma/delta heterodimers, creates the T-cell receptor-CD3 complex. This complex has an imperative role in coupling antigen recognition to a number of intracellular signal-transduction pathways. The genes encoding the epsilon, gamma delta polypeptides are found in the same cluster on chromosome 11. The epsilon polypeptide plays a vital role in T-cell development. CD3E gene defects cause immunodeficiency. CD3E is also linked to a susceptibility to type I diabetes in women.

Fibronectin Type III Domain Containing 5 (Irisin) is a newly discovered hormone, secreted into circulation by muscle, which acts on white adipocytes and promotes WAT “browning”. r-Irisin can reduce body weight and cause induction of brown adipocyte in vivo, including a capacity for thermogenic energy expenditure mediated by uncoupling protein 1 (UCP-1). Irisin mature protein is comprised of 110 amino acid residues and two potential glycosylation sites. High levels of Irisin can be found in the heart whereas Very low expression is found in the colon, pancreas and spleen, if any.

Regulated upon Activation, Normal T-cell Expressed, and Secreted or RANTES is an 8 kDa protein classified as a chemotactic cytokine or chemokine. It has recently been renamed CCL5. RANTES is chemotactic for T cells, eosinophils and basophils and plays an active role in recruiting leukocytes into inflammatory sites. With the help of particular cytokines (i.e. IL-2 and IFN-?) that are released by T cells, RANTES also induces the proliferation and activation of certain natural killer (NK) cells to form CHAK (CC-Chemokine-activated killer) cells. It is also a HIV-suppressive factor released from CD8+ T cells. This chemokine has been localized to chromosome 17 in humans.

Cytochrome b5 reductase 2 (CYB5R2) is involved in desaturation and elongation of fatty acids, cholesterol biosynthesis, drug metabolism, and, in erythrocyte, methemoglobin reduction. CYB5R2 is responsible for NADH-dependent lucigenin chemiluminescence in spermatozoa by reducing both lucigenin and 2-[4-iodophenyl]-3-[4-nitrophenyl]-5-[2,4-disulfophenyl]-2H tetrazolium monosodium salt (WST-1).

Complement Component C5a (C5a) is involved in the complement system and it is encoded by the C5 gene in human. Complement C5 is cleaved into C5a and C5b. C5a has an imperative role in chemotaxis and C5b forms the 1st part of the complement membrane attack complex. Complement C5 is the 5th component of complement, which plays a central role in inflammatory and cell killing processes. C5a protein is composed of alpha and beta polypeptide chains, which are linked by a disulfide bridge. An activation peptide, C5a, which is an anaphylatoxin, which has potent spasmogenic and chemotactic activity, is derivative from the alpha polypeptide via cleavage with a convertase. The C5b macromolecular cleavage product forms a complex with the C6 complement component, and this complex is the basis for creation of the membrane attack complex, which includes supplementary complement components.

CD44 is a cell-surface glycoprotein that plays a role in cell-cell interactions, cell adhesion and migration. CD44 is a receptor for hyaluronic acid and also interacts with other ligands, such as osteopontin, collagens, and matrix metalloproteinases. CD44 participates in a wide variety of cellular functions such as lymphocyte activation, recirculation and homing, hematopoiesis, and tumor metastasis. CD44 and CD49d are putative activity markers and CD44 a potential novel therapeutic target in multiple sclerosis. Increased CD44 antigen is associated with relapses in non-small cell lung cancers.

NUDT5 is part of the nudix hydrolase family which remove toxic nucleotide derivatives from the cell. NUDT5 hydrolyzes ADP-ribose and ADP-mannose in the presence of magnesium, and in addition hydrolyzes nucleotide sugars with decreasing activity such as ADP-glucose and diadenosine diphosphate. As a nudix hydrolase, NUDT5 holds a central nudix motif and functions to eliminate toxic nucleotide metabolites from the cell while maintaining the levels of signaling nucleotides.
NUDT5 is broadly expressed but is most abundant in liver as a homodimer.

Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase type 5 (ACP5) is involved in osteopontin and bone sialoprotein dephosphorylation. ACP5 is an iron containing glycoprotein which catalyzes the conversion of orthophosphoric monoester to alcohol and orthophosphate. ACP5 expression seems to increase in some pathological states such as Gaucher and Hodgkin diseases, the hairy cell, the B-cell, and the T-cell leukemias. ACP5 is the most basic of the acid phosphatases and is the only form not inhibited by L(+)-tartrate.

Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B (CDKN1B) is a member of the Cip/Kip family of cyclin dependent kinase (Cdk) inhibitor proteins. The CDKN1B protein binds to and prevents the activation of cyclin E-CDK2 or cyclin D-CDK4 complexes, and so controls the cell cycle progression at G1. CDKN1B is often referred to as a cell cycle inhibitor protein since its major function is to stop or slow down the cell division cycle. The degradation of the CDKN1B protein, which is triggered by its CDK dependent phosphorylation and ensuing ubiquitination by SCF complexes, is compulsory for the cellular transition from inactive to the proliferative state.

CD21 is expressed strongly on mature B cells, follicular dentritic cells and weakly on immature thymocytes and T lymphocytes. In B-cell ontogeny, CD21 appears after the pre-B-stage, is maintained during peripheral B-cell development and is lost upon terminal differentiation into plasma cells. CD21 expression is also gradually lost after stimulation of B cells in vitro. CD21 functions as receptor for C3d, C3dg and iC3b Complement components, for EBV and for IFNalpha. CD21 binds to CD23 and associates with CD19, CD81 and Leu13 to form a large signal-transduction complex involved in B cell activation.

HCV is a small 50nm, enveloped, single-stranded, positive sense RNAvirus in the family Flaviviridae.
HCV has a high rate of replication with approximately one trillion particles produced each day in an infected individual. Due to lack of proofreading by the HCV RNA polymerase, the HCV has an exceptionally high mutation rate, a factor that may help it elude the host's immune response. Hepatitis C virus is classified into six genotypes(1-6) with several subtypes within each genotype. The preponderance and distribution of HCV genotypes varies globally. Genotype is clinically important in determining potential response to interferon-based therapy and the required duration of such therapy. Genotypes 1 and 4 are less responsive to interferon-based treatment than are the other genotypes (2, 3, 5 and 6).

Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B (CDKN1B) is a member of the Cip/Kip family of cyclin dependent kinase (Cdk) inhibitor proteins. The CDKN1B protein binds to and prevents the activation of cyclin E-CDK2 or cyclin D-CDK4 complexes, and so controls the cell cycle progression at G1. CDKN1B is often referred to as a cell cycle inhibitor protein since its major function is to stop or slow down the cell division cycle. The degradation of the CDKN1B protein, which is triggered by its CDK dependent phosphorylation and ensuing ubiquitination by SCF complexes, is compulsory for the cellular transition from inactive to the proliferative state.

CD320 is a part of the low-density lipoprotein receptor family, having 2 low-density lipoprotein receptor type A domains divided by a complement-like cysteine-rich region. CD320 participates in cobalamin uptake and internalizes the complex by endocytosis. CD320 is also plays a role as costimulator to promote B cell and follicular dendritic cells responses. CD320 is also known to augment the proliferation of PC precursors generated by IL-10.

Cluster of Differentiation 244 (CD244/Natural Killer Cell Receptor 2B4) contains 2 Ig-like (immunoglobulin-like) domains. CD244 is a cell surface receptor expressed on natural killer (NK) cells (and some T cells) which mediate non-major histocompatibility complex (MHC) restricted killing. NK-cell and target cells interaction via the CD244 receptor is believed to modulate NK-cell cytolytic activity. CD244 molecules function in eosinophil adhesion and chemotaxis, and have a role in the pathophysiology of allergic rhinitis (AR).

CD9 which is found on the surface of exosomes is a cell surface glycoprotein which is interacts with integrins and various transmembrane superfamily proteins. CD9 is involved in platelet activation and aggregation and also regulates paranodal junction formation. CD9 takes part in cell adhesion and migration and also promotes muscle cell fusion. CD9 is necessary for the egg-sperm fusion during mammalian fertilization.

CD163 is an acute phase-regulated receptor which participates in the removal and endocytosis of hemoglobin/haptoglobin complexes by macrophages and thus keeps tissues from free hemoglobin-mediated oxidative damage. Furthermore, CD163 partakes in the uptake and recycling of iron, through endocytosis of hemoglobin/haptoglobin and ensuing breakdown of heme. In addition, CD163 binds hemoglobin/haptoglobin complexes in a calcium-dependent and pH-dependent way. CD163 demonstrates greater affinity for complexes of hemoglobin and multimeric haptoglobin of HP-1F phenotype than for complexes of hemoglobin and dimeric haptoglobin of HP-1S phenotype. Moreover, CD163 stimulates a cascade of intracellular signals which involves tyrosine kinase-dependent calcium recruitment, inositol triphosphate formation and secretion of IL-6 & CSF-1.

CD27 belongs to the TNF-receptor superfamily. CD27 is necessary for initiation and long-term maintenance of T cell immunity. CD27 binds to ligand CD70, and has a crucial role in regulating B-cell activation and immunoglobulin synthesis. The CD27 receptor transduces signals which result in the activation of NF-kappaB and MAPK8/JNK. Adaptor proteins TRAF2 and TRAF5 mediate the signaling process of CD27. CD27-binding protein (SIVA), which is a proapoptotic protein, can bind to the CD27 receptor and is believed to have a significant role in the apoptosis induced by CD27.

CD3 has four peptide chains (gamma, delta, epsilon and zeta) that form CD3. Defects in CD3 are associated with T cell immunodeficiency CD3 complex mediates signal transduction.

Semaphorin-4D (CD100) is a member of the semaphorin family containing 1 Ig-like C2-type domain, 1 PSI domain and 1 Sema domain. CD100 is the cell surface receptor forPLXN1B and PLXNB2 which plays a central role in cell-cell signaling. CD100 stimulates the migration of cerebellar granule cells and of endothelial cells, regulates dendrite and axon branching and morphogenesis. In addition, CD100 has a role in the immune system; it promotes signaling via SRC and PTK2B/PYK2, which subsequently mediates activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and of the AKT1 signaling cascade.

CD47, functions in cell adhesions by performing as an adhesion receptor for THBS1 on platelets, furthermore CD47 plays a role in the modulation of integrins. In addition, CD47 takes a vital part in memory formation as well as synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus. Receptor for SIRPA avoids maturation of immature dendritic cells and inhibits cytokine production by mature dendritic cells. CD47 prevents premature elimination of red blood cells, and it is also implicated in membrane permeability changes induced following virus infection.

T-cell antigen CD7 (CD7) is a type I transmembrane glycoprotein which is expressed on pluripotential hemapoietic cells, nearly all human thymocytes and some peripheral blood T cells. The CD7 molecule is missing in a subset of human T cells under some physiologic conditions. An increase in CD7 negative T cells can be observed in a number of inflammatory skin diseases.

CDNF is a member of the ARMET family and acts as a trophic factor for dopamine neurons. CDNF inhibits the 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced degeneration of dopaminergic neurons. When CDNF controlled after 6-OHDA-lesioning, it reestablishes the dopaminergic function and inhibits the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra. CDNF is universally expressed in neuronal and non-neuronal tissues. The highest levels in the brain are found in the optic nerve and corpus callosum.

CD3 has four peptide chains (gamma, delta, epsilon and zeta) that form CD3. Defects in CD3 are associated with T cell immunodeficiency CD3 complex mediates signal transduction.

CD79A is a signal-transducing part of the B-cell receptor which plays various roles in B cell development and function. CD79A is also needed for BCR surface expression and for efficient differentiation of pro-B and pre-B-cells. CD79A plays an important role in the tumor promoting effects of myeloid cells, and is a novel target for cancer therapy.