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CD74 (HLA class II histocompatibility antigen gamma chain isoform b), is a transmembrane protein (on antigen presenting cells) which is the invariant chain that chaperones MHC class IIdimers from the endoplasmic reticulum to the cell surface. CD74 is expressed by cells of both T lymphocyte and Blymphocyte lineages. CD74 upregulated in several cancers and is also expressed by non immune cells during inflammation. Diseases related with CD74 include thymic epithelial neoplasm and gastroduodenitis. Among its related super-pathways are Immune System and Immune response Antigen presentation by MHC class II. In addition CD74 functions as cell surface receptor for the cytokine MIF.

IL3 is a potent growth promoting cytokine. This cytokine is capable of supporting the proliferation of a broad range of hematopoietic cell types. It is involved in a variety of cell activities such as cell growth, differentiation and apoptosis. This cytokine has been shown to also possess neurotrophic activity, and it may be associated with neurologic disorders.

Interleukin-3 is a pleiotropic cytokine produced primarily by activated T cells.
IL-3 is thought to function via specific cell surface receptors to stimulate the proliferation, differentiation and survival of haematopoietic cell lines. IL-3 has also been shown to affect the functional activity of a variety of other cell types including mast cells, eosinophils, megakaryocytes and basophils.

CD40 belongs to the TNF-receptor super family. CD40 has been found to be vital in mediating a wide range of immune and inflammatory responses including T cell-dependent immunoglobulin classswitching, memory B cell development, and germinal center formation. AT-hook transcription factor AKNA isaccounted to coordinately regulate the expression of CD40 and its ligand, which is significant forhomotypic cell interactions. Adaptor protein TNFR2 interacts with CD40 and functions as a mediator of thesignal transduction. The interaction of CD40 and its ligand is found to be essential for amyloid-beta-inducedmicroglial activation, and therefore is considered to be an early event in Alzheimer disease pathogenesis.

Decay-Accelerating Factor Isoform 1 or CD55, is a protein that attached to the cell membrane through glycophosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor. CD55 regulates the complement system in the outer membrane. The protein is a receptor to many types of enteroviruses such as coxsackieviruses. CD55 is widely scattered amidst hematopoietic & non-hematopoietic cells. The CD55 has a crucial part in tumorigenesis, autocrine loops for cell rescue and evasion of apoptosis, cell motility, invasiveness etc.

Membrane cofactor protein isoform 14 (CD46), is a type I membrane protein which has cofactor activity for inactivation of complement components C3b and C4b by serum factor I. This function resides in the complement control protein repeats (CCPs), with CCP1–4 vital for regulation. CD46 is also involved in the fusion of the spermatozoa with the oocyte during fertilization. CD46 is common in thymocytes, T cells, B cells, monocytes, granulocytes, NK cells, platelets, endothelial cells, epithelial cells, fibroblasts, placenta and sperm.

Cystatins are a superfamily of cysteine proteinase inhibitors found in both plants and animals. They comprise a group of proteinase inhibitors, widely distributed in tissues and body fluids, and form tight complexes with cysteine proteases such as cathepsin B, H, L and S. Cystatin C, a secreted molecule of this family, is of interest from biochemical, medicine and evolutionary points of view. Cystatin C, with molecular weight of 13260 Da, is composed of 120 amino acids, lacks carbohydrate and has two disulfide bridges located near the carboxyl terminus. Cystatin C is increased in patients with malignant diseases, and is related to the insufficiency of renal function and appears to be a better marker than creatinine. On the other hand, low levels of cystatin C involve cause the breakdown of the elastic laminae and, subsequently, the atherosclerosis and abdominal aortic aneurysm.

CD5 is a suitable immunohistochemical marker for T-cells, though not as sensitive as CD3. Approximately 76% of T-cell neoplasms are reported to express CD5, and it is also observed in chronic lymphocytic leukemia, hairy cell leukemia, and mantle cell lymphoma cells. CD5 is commonly lost in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, and its deficiency can be used as an indicator of malignancy in this condition. CD5’s absence in T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia, though relatively rare, is linked with a poor prognosis. CD5 serves as a receptor in regulating T-cell proliferation.

CD23 is a 45kDa glycoprotein, which is present on a subpopulation of freshly isolated peripheral blood and tonsil B cells and strongly expressed on EBV-transformed B lymphoblasts. The CD23 molecule is identical to the low affinity IgE receptor found on B cells. Expression of CD23 has been detected in neoplastic cells from cases of B cell chronic lymphocyctic leukaemia and some cases of centroblastic/centrocytic lymphoma.

CD14 (also known lipopolysaccharide (LPS) receptor) is expressed strongly on monocytes and macrophage and weakly on the surface of neutrophils. CD14 is anchored to cells by linkage to glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) and functions as a high affinity receptor for complexes of LPS and LPS binding protein (LBP). Soluble CD14, also binding to LPS, acts at physiological concentration as an LPS agonist and has, at higher concentrations, an LPS antagonizing effect in cell activation. CD14 has been shown to bind apoptotic cells.

IL3 is a potent growth promoting cytokine. This cytokine is capable of supporting the proliferation of a broad range of hematopoietic cell types. It is involved in a variety of cell activities such as cell growth, differentiation and apoptosis. This cytokine has been shown to also possess neurotrophic activity, and it may be associated with neurologic disorders.

CD79A is a signal-transducing part of the B-cell receptor which plays various roles in B cell development and function. CD79A is also needed for BCR surface expression and for efficient differentiation of pro-B and pre-B-cells. CD79A plays an important role in the tumor promoting effects of myeloid cells, and is a novel target for cancer therapy.

T-cell antigen CD7 (CD7) is a type I transmembrane glycoprotein which is expressed on pluripotential hemapoietic cells, nearly all human thymocytes and some peripheral blood T cells. The CD7 molecule is missing in a subset of human T cells under some physiologic conditions. An increase in CD7 negative T cells can be observed in a number of inflammatory skin diseases.

CD81 antigen isoform 1, also known as CD81, is part of the tetraspanin family. CD81 interacts directly with immunoglobulin superfamily member 8 (IGSF8, CD316) and CD36. In B cells, CD81 is part of a complex with CD21, CD19 and Leu13. Furthermore, this complex decreases the threshold for B cell activation through B cell receptors by linking Ag specific recognition and CD21 mediator recognition. While on T cells CD81 connects with CD4 and CD8 and provides a costimulatory signal with CD3.

CD274 takes part in the costimulatory signal, vital for T-cell proliferation and creation of IL10 and IFNG, in a PDCD1-independent and an IL2-dependent manner. CD274 collaboration with PDCD1 inhibits cytokine production and T-cell proliferation.

CD4 is a cell-surface glycoprotein found on the mature helper T cells and immature thymocytes, as well as on monocytes and macrophages. (Some cytotoxic T cells have CD4 protein as well.) Normally, about 65% of T cells in the blood are CD4+ (have CD4 protein protruding from their membrane). A mature T cell with either have CD4 or CD8, but not both. During one stage of development T cells develop CD4 and CD8 receptors, but they eventually are differentiated in the thymus and become more specialized.

CD207 (C-type lectin domain family 4 member K) is expressed in Langerhans cells which are immature dendritic cells of the epidermis and mucosa. Moreover, CD207 is expressed in several other dendritic cell types including dermal CD103+ DCs and splenic CD8+ DCs. Langerin is localized in the Birbeck granules, the organelles present in the cytoplasm of Langerhans cells and comprised of superimposed and zippered membranes. CD207 is a C-type lectin with mannose binding specificity, and it has been suggested that mannose binding by the CD207 protein leads to internalization of antigen into Birbeck granules thus providing access to a nonclassical antigen-processing pathway.

T-cell antigen CD7 (CD7) is a type I transmembrane glycoprotein which is expressed on pluripotential hemapoietic cells, nearly all human thymocytes and some peripheral blood T cells. The CD7 molecule is missing in a subset of human T cells under some physiologic conditions. An increase in CD7 negative T cells can be observed in a number of inflammatory skin diseases.

CD164 Sialomucin-Like 2, also known as CD164L2 is amember of the CD164 family.

IL2-Ra is one of the three constituent subunits of the IL2 receptor.
IL-2Ra is released into the serum after increased cellular expression such as increased activation of B and T cells. Clinical manifestations of IL2-Ra elevation include autoimmune conditions and some leukemias and lymphomas.

CD79B is a 36 kDa trans membrane glycoprotein belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily. Heterodimers of CD79A and CD79B connect with a membrane attached immunoglobulin on the B cell surface to create the B cell antigen receptor complex (BCR). CD79A and CD79B are essential for BCR-mediated signaling and subsequently for the development and activation of B lineage cells.

GM-CSF Receptor Alpha (CSF2RA) is the alpha subunit of the heterodimeric receptor for colony stimulating factor 2, a cytokine which controls the production, differentiation, and function of granulocytes and macrophages. CSFR2 is also a member of the cytokine family of receptors. In addition, this gene is found in the pseudoautosomal region (PAR) of the X and Y chromosomes. Multiple transcript variants encoding various isoforms have been found for this gene, while some of the isoforms being membrane-bound and others being soluble. Diseases associated with CSF2RA include surfactant metabolism dysfunction, pulmonary 4, and csf2ra-related pulmonary surfactant metabolism dysfunction.

CD166 antigen isoform 2 (ALCAM) is a type 1 membrane glycoprotein and belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily. ALCAM is expressed on thymic epithelium, microvascular endothelium, activated lymphocytes and monocytes, and monocyte-derived dendritic cells. CD166 and CD6 interaction plays a role in T cell development and T cell regulation, as well as in the binding of T cells and B cells to activated leukocytes.

CD9 which is found on the surface of exosomes is a cell surface glycoprotein which interacts with integrins and various transmembrane superfamily proteins. CD9 is involved in platelet activation and aggregation and also regulates paranodal junction formation. CD9 takes part in cell adhesion and migration and also promotes muscle cell fusion. CD9 is necessary for the egg-sperm fusion during mammalian fertilization.