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Cyclophilin-D is a member of the peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase (PPIase) family. PPIases catalyze the cis-trans isomerization of proline imidic peptide bonds in oligopeptides and speeds up the protein folding. Cyclophilin-D possess PPIase activity and binds to the immunosuppressant cyclosporin-A. Cyclophilin-D is very well known that its overexpression suppresses the apoptosis in cancer cell. Cyclophilin-D suppresses apoptotic cell death by the use of mitochondrial hexokinase-2 dependent mechanism in cancer cells.

TNFAIP3-interacting protein 1 (TNIP1) interacts with zinc finger protein A20/TNFAIP3 and inhibits TNF-induced NF-kappa-B-dependent gene expression by interfering with a RIP- or TRAF2-mediated transactivation signal. Furthermore, TNIP1 interacts with HIV-1 matrix protein and is packaged into virions and its overexpression can inhibit viral replication. TNIP1 can regulate matrix nuclear localization, both nuclear import of Preintegration complex (PIC) and export of GAG polyprotein and viral genomic RNA during virion production.

PLAUR is one of 2 activators which convert the extracellular zymogen plasminogen to plasmin, a serine protease involved in a various normal and pathological processes that require cell migration and/or tissue destruction. PLAUR protein is synthesized and released from cells as a single-chain proenzyme with narrow enzymatic activity and is converted to an active two-chain disulfide-linked active enzyme by plasmin and other specific proteinases.

Prostatic Acid Phosphatase or ACPP is part of a family of proteins called histidine acid phosphatase. ACPP enhances the hydrolyzation of many phosphate monoesters and proteins that are phosphorylated. In order to function best, ACPP needs a range of range of 4-6 pH, furthermore, L(+)-tartrate inhibits ACPP’s catalyzation. This enzyme can act as a lipid phosphatase as well and can inhibit lysophosphatidic acid in seminal plasma.

NPM2 is a member of nucleoplasmin family. NPM2 is a core histones chaperone which takes part in chromatin reprogramming, particularly throughout fertilization and early embryonic development. NPM2 also takes part in sperm DNA decondensation during fertilization.

KPNA2 belongs to the karyopherin alpha family. KPNA2 has a vital part in the nuclear import of proteins with a conventional nuclear localization signal (NLS).
In vitro, KPNA2 bound specifically and directly to substrates having a simple or bipartite NLS motif. KPNA2 stimulated docking of import substrates to the nuclear envelope and together with Ran reconstituted complete nuclear protein import.

MAK16 is a member of the MAK16 family.

a-Synuclein (amino acids 1-140), an acidic neuronal protein of 140 amino acids, is extremely heat-resistant and is natively unfolded with an extended structure primarily composed of random coils. a-synuclein has been suggested to be implicated in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease and related neurodegenerative disorders, and more recently, to be an important regulatory component of vesicular transport in neuronal cells. Moreover, recent studies have shown that a-synuclein has chaperone activity and that this activity is lost upon removing its C-terminal acidic tail (amino acids 96-140).

Neuregulin/Heregulin is a family of structurally related polypeptide growth factors which are stemmed from alternatively spliced genes (NRG1, NRG2, NRG3 and NRG4). Thus far, there are more than 14 soluble and transmembrane proteins derived from the NRG1 gene. Proteolytic processing of the extracellular domain of the transmembrane NRG1 isoforms release soluble growth factors. These isoforms contain the heregulins (HRGs), glial growth factors (GGFs) and sensory and motor neuron-derived factor (SMDF). All these factors have the Ig and EGF-like domain, and are able to bind to ErbB3 and ErbB4 receptor tyrosin kinases. This binding stimulates erb3 and erb4 heterodimerization with erb2, promoting intrinsic kinase activity, which results in tyrosine phosphorylation. NRG1 isoforms act to induce the growth and differentiation of epithelial, neuronal, glial, and other types of cells.

The PARK7 is a ubiquitously expressed protein involved in various cellular processes including spermatogenesis and fertilization, cancer, RNA-binding, androgen-receptor signaling and oxidative stress. Mutations in the PARK7 are the cause of autosomal recessive early-onset Parkinson’s disease 7 (Park7).

NCR2 is a member of the natural cytotoxicity receptor (NCR) family and holds 1 immunoglobulin-like (Ig-like) domain. NCR2 cooperates with TYROBP/DAP12 and is specifically expressed by activated NK cells and by in vitro cultured TCRg/d lymphoid cells. NCR2 is a cytotoxicity-activating receptor which induces the amplified efficiency of activated natural killer (NK) cells to mediate tumor cell lysis.

PFN4 is a small actin-binding protein that participates in the dynamic turnover and restructuring of the actin cytoskeleton. PFN4 is localized in all eukaryotic organisms in the majority of cells. PFN4 is crucial for spatially and temporally controlled growth of actin microfilaments, which is a necessary process in cellular locomotion and cell shape changes.

Ribonuclease P protein subunit p30 (RPP30) is a member of the eukaryotic/archaeal RNase P protein component 3 family. RPP30 is component of ribonuclease P, which is a protein complex that generates mature tRNA molecules by cleaving their 5'-ends. Ribonuclease P (RNase P) is small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (snRNPs) which acts on RNA substrates in vitro. In addition, RNase P which accumulate in the nucleolus, have a similar RNA component and several protein subunits in common.

Human norovirus is classified into two groups, group 1& group 2. Norwalk virus is the species which belongs to group 1 and was discovered in 1968 at Ohio. Norovirus is a familiar virus which causes human gastroenteritis with the following symptoms vomiting, diarrhea and sickness. CDC report revealed that there are 19-21 million Americans infected by Nororvirus annually with 800 deaths, 1 in 15 people with infection. Around the world, this virus affects about 267 million people and causes over 200,000 deaths each year; these losses are mostly in less developed countries and in the very young, elderly and immuno-suppressed population, though, most cases are self-limited with a full recovery within just a few days. Norovirus is extremely contagious and can spread from human to human through infected food, water or contaminated surfaces. The outbreaks usually occur from November-April, while the peak is in January. Norovirus is a positive sense RNA virus with 7.5 kb nucleotides, encoding a major structural protein VP1 with 50-55kDa. The full length of VP1 capsid comprises the internal N-terminal, Hinge, shell (S) and protruding (P) domains. P domain from 225 to 520 forms P1- P2-P1 structure. Moreover, P domain has a receptor binding region which recognizes human histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs). P domain expressed in bacteria can spontaneously form a P dime as well as a P particle aggregated by 12 P dimmers. P particle displays an increased binding activity to HBGAs higher than virus-like particle (VLP) formed by the full-length capsid. For norovirus vaccine development, we consider P domain as a good candidate.

NT5M is a member of the 5'(3')-deoxyribonucleotidase family. NT5M localizes to the mitochondrial matrix. The NT5M enzyme dephosphorylates the 5'- and 2'(3')-phosphates of uracil and thymine deoxyribonucleotides. The NT5M gene is located on chromosome 17 p11.2 in the critical region deleted in the Smith-Magenis syndrome (SMS), a genetic disease of unidentified etiology.

Nipsnap Homolog 1 (NIPSNAP1) belongs to the NipSnap family. NIPSNAP1 may take part in vesicular transport. A similar protein in mice inhibits the calcium channel TRPV6, and it is localized to the inner mitochondrialmembrane as well, where it may be involved in mitochondrial DNA maintenance. A pseudogene of NIPSNAP1 is located onthe short arm of chromosome 17. Among the diseases associated with NIPSNAP1 are maple syrup urine disease, and phenylketonuria.

Nuclear transport factor 2-like export factor 2 (NXT2) belongs to the NXT family proteins which are commonly involved in exporting nuclear RNA in eukaryotic cells. The NXT2 protein is a regulator of protein export for NES-containing proteins. In addition, NXT2 associates with NXF1, NXF2, NXF3 and NXF5 and has a role in mRNA nuclear export. NXT2 has a critical role in upholding morphogenetic integrity of embryonic heart in vertebrate species. The NXT2 protein contains a nuclear transport factor 2 (NTF2) domain, which has a vital role in the trafficking of macromolecules, ions, and small molecules between the cytoplasm and nucleus, it may also have a role in mRNA nuclear export.

Polymerase (DNA Directed), Epsilon 3, also know as POLE3, is a histone-fold protein which interacts with other histone-fold proteins to bind DNA in a sequence-independent manner. These histone-fold protein dimers merge into larger enzymatic complexes for DNA transcription, replication, and packaging.

Retinoblastoma binding protein 4 (RBBP4) is a ubiquitously expressed nuclear protein which is a member of a highly conserved subfamily of WD-repeat proteins. RBBP4 is present in protein complexes involved in histone acetylation and chromatin assembly. In addition, RBBP4 is part of co-repressor complexes, which is a fundamental component of transcriptional silencing. RBBP4 is observed among several cellular proteins which bind directly to a retinoblastoma protein to regulate cell proliferation. RBBP4 also is a part of the Mi-2 complex which is implicated in chromatin remodeling and transcriptional repression connected with histone deacetylation.

Treponema pallidum is a gram-negative spirochaete bacterium and is considered to be metabolically crippled. There are at least four known subspecies: T. pallidum pallidum, T. pallidum pertenue, T. pallidum carateum and T. pallidum endemicum. The helical structure of T. pallidum pallidum allows it to move in a corkscrew motion through viscous mediums such as mucus. Treponema pallidum sub sp. pallidum has one of the smallest bacterial genomes at 1.14 million base pairs (Mb) and has limited metabolic capabilities, reflecting its adaptation through genome reduction to the rich environment of mammalian tissue.

Adenylate kinases play a role in regulating the adenine nucleotide composition within a cell by catalyzing the reversible transfer of phosphate groups among adenine nucleotides. There are 3 types of adenylate kinase isozymes, AK1, AK2, and AK3 in vertebrates. Expression of these isozymes are tissue-specific and developmentally regulated. AK2 is localized in the mitochondrial intermembrane space and is involved in apoptosis. AK2 is mutated in individuals with reticular dysgenesis.

PBX/Knotted 1 Homeobox 1 (PKNOX1) is a DNA-binding factor which takes part in the regulation of the transcriptional activity of AP-1 containing promoters. PKNOX1, which is also known as UEF3, PRP-1 and p64, is a Hmeobox protein. PKNOX1 forms stable complexes containing PBX proteins which synergize with AP-1 binding factors.

NCK2 belongs to the NCK family of adaptor proteins. NCK2 holds one SH2 domain and three SH3 domains. NCK2 bind and recruit several proteins that take part in the regulation of receptor protein tyrosine kinases even though it has no known catalytic function. That indicates that NCK2 takes part in cytoskeletal reorganization. Alternate transcription splice variants, encoding diverse isoforms, were characterized.