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Neurofilaments are type IV intermediate filament heteropolymers that are composed of light, medium, and heavy chains. Neurofilaments comprise the axoskeleton and functionally maintain neuronal caliber and may also have a role in intracellular transport to axons and dendrites.
NeuroFilament 160kDa is a medium neurofilament protein, which is commonly used as a biomarker of neuronal damage.

Family with Sequence Similarity 3, Member D (FAM3D) is a member of the FAM3 family. The FAM3D gene is linked to narcolepsy and diabetes mellitus in pancreatic adenocarcinoma, however FAM3D function of remains vague. FAM3D is amply expressed in the placenta and weakly expressed in the small intestine.

PLAUR is one of 2 activators which convert the extracellular zymogen plasminogen to plasmin, a serine protease involved in a various normal and pathological processes that require cell migration and/or tissue destruction. PLAUR protein is synthesized and released from cells as a single-chain proenzyme with narrow enzymatic activity and is converted to an active two-chain disulfide-linked active enzyme by plasmin and other specific proteinases.

ICAM-3/CD50, or CD50 or Cluster of Differentiation 50 is a protein, part of the intercellular adhesion molecule superfamily. every ICAM peptides are type I transmembrane glycoproteins, bind to leukocyte adhesion LFA-1 & has 2-9 immunoglobulinlike C2-type domains. ICAM-3/CD50 can be found in every leukocyte and acts as a crucial ligand for LFA-1 in the start of the immune system response. ICAM-3/CD50 acts as an adhesion molecule and is also a potent signaling protein.

Macrophage Inflammatory Proteins (MIP) belong to the family of chemotactic cytokines known as chemokines. In humans, there are two major forms, MIP-1a and MIP-1b that are now officially named CCL3 and CCL4 respectively. Both are major factors produced by macrophages after they are stimulated with bacterial endotoxins. They activate human granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils) which can lead to acute neutrophilic inflammation. They also induce the synthesis and release of other pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin 1 (IL-1), IL-6 and TNF-a from fibroblasts and macrophages. The genes for CCL3 and CCL4 are both located on human chromosome 17.

Nuclear Apoptosis Inducing Factor 1 (NAIF1) is a part of the NAIF1 family. NAIF1 Interacts with HARBI1 and Induces apoptosis.

Recoverin is a member of the recoverin family of neuronal calcium sensors. Recoverin is a heterogeneously acylated calcium-binding and intracellular signal transduction 23kDa protein in the photoreceptor cells of retina. Recoverin contains four EF-hands, of which two bind Ca. Ca-induced extrusion of the acyl group from a hydrophobic cleft in the protein drives the translocation of recoverin from solution to the disc membrane. Recoverin may prolong the termination of the phototransduction cascade in the retina by blocking the phosphorylation of photo-activated rhodopsin. Recoverin plays a key role in the inhibition of rhodopsin kinase, a molecule that regulates the phosphorylation of rhodopsin. This in due course controls the ability of the eye to adapt to, and recover from, exposure to the presence of light. Recoverin is a detectable serologic protein that is expressed in patients with cancer-associated retinopathy, a paraneoplastic syndrome.

Developmental Pluripotency Associated 3 (DPPA3) is a protein which in mice may serve as a maternal factor during the preimplantation stage of development. In mice, the DPPA3 protein has a role in transcriptional repression, cell division, and maintenance of cell pluripotentiality. In humans, related intronless loci are found on chromosomes 14 and X. DPPA3 is expressed in embryonic stem and carcinoma cells. DPPA3 has a low expression in the testis, ovary and thymus. DPPA3 is highly expressed in testicular germ cell tumors.

Macrophage Inflammatory Proteins (MIP) belong to the family of chemotactic cytokines known as chemokines. In humans, there are two major forms, MIP-1? and MIP-1? that are now officially named CCL3 and CCL4 respectively. Both are major factors produced by macrophages after they are stimulated with bacterial endotoxins. They activate human granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils) which can lead to acute neutrophilic inflammation. They also induce the synthesis and release of other pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin 1 (IL-1), IL-6 and TNF-? from fibroblasts and macrophages. The genes for CCL3 and CCL4 are both located on human chromosome 17.

Myosin Binding Protein C, Cardiac (MYBPC3) is the cardiac isoform of myosin-binding protein C expressed exclusively in heart muscle. Myosin-binding protein C is a myosin-associated protein found in the cross-bridge-bearing zone (C region) of A bands in striated muscle. Regulatory phosphorylation of the cardiac isoform in vivo by cAMP-dependent protein kinase upon adrenergic stimulation may be associated with modulation of cardiac contraction. MYBPC3 gene mutations are one of the causes of familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. In vitro MYBPC3 binds MHC, F-actin and native thin filaments, and modifies the activity of actin-activated myosin ATPase. MYBPC3 may modulate muscle contraction or it may have a more structural role.

PA2G4 belongs to the peptidase M24C family and functions as an RNA-binding protein involved in cellular proliferation and differentiation processes. PA2G4 is a component of pre-ribosomal ribonucleoprotein complexes, participating in ribosome assembly and regulating the later steps of rRNA processing. Also, PA2G4 interacts with ErbB-3 and may function as a modulator of the ErbB-3 mediated signal transduction pathway by regulating the effects of Neuregulin-1. Furthermore, PA2G4 is a transcriptional co-repressor of androgen receptor-regulated genes and other cell cycle regulatory genes through its interactions with histone deacetylases. PA2G4 is implicated in growth inhibition and the induction of differentiation of human cancer cells. In addition, PA2G4 mediates cap-independent translation of specific viral IRESs (internal ribosomal entry site). PA2G4 associates with 28S, 18S and 5.8S mature rRNAs, several rRNA precursors and probably U3 small nucleolar RNA.

VAMP4 belongs to the synaptobrevin family who are involved in docking and/or fusion of vesicles with cell membrane. VAMP4 is enriched in the trans-Golgi network and may be a factor in the trans-Golgi network-to-endosome transport. VAMP4 is involved in the pathway which functions to eliminate an inhibitor (most likely synaptotagmin-4) of calcium-triggered exocytosis during the maturation of secretory granules. Synaptobrevins, syntaxins, and SNAP25 are the chief components of a protein complex involved in the docking and/or fusion of synaptic vesicles with the presynaptic membrane.

Drosophila that have mutations in their MAGOH gene produce progeny with defects in germplasm assembly and germline development. MAGOH, the human homolog of Drosophila mago nashi, is necessary for embryo development. In mammals, mRNA expression is not limited to the germ plasm, but is expressed ubiquitously in adult tissues and is induced by serum stimulation of quiescent fibroblast.

High mobility group protein HMG-I/HMG-Y (HMGA1) belongs to the non-histone chromosomal high mobility group protein (HMG) family. HMGA1 is composed of a highly conserved AT-hook DNA-binding domain which mediates binding to AT-rich sequences in the minor groove of chromosomal DNA. HMGA1 functions as an architectural chromatin-binding transcription factor modifying the conformation of DNA by modulating nuclear protein-DNA complexes. Furthermore, HMGA1 is involved in numerous cellular processes including growth regulation, viral induction of beta-IFN gene and regulation of inducible gene transcription.

GPN-loop GTPase 1 (GPN1) is a member of the GPN-loop GTPase family. GPN1 is a guanosine triphosphatase enzyme which has a role in DNA repair and may function in activation of transcription. Small GTPases, which share a biochemical mechanism, act as binary molecular switches and function in the cell is nucleocytoplasmic transport of both proteins and RNA. In addition, GPN1 establishs an interface between the RNA polymerase II enzyme and chaperone/scaffolding protein, proposing that it is essential to connect RNA polymerase II to regulators of protein complex formation. GPN1 may also be involved in nuclear localization of XPA.

Lysosomal-Associated Membrane Protein 1 (LAMP1) is a part of the LAMP family. LAMP1 is a membrane protein which is expressed in the endosome-lysosome membranes of cells and is implicated in tumor cell metastasis. A glycoform of LAMP1 is expressed on the surface of activated macrophages and promotes T cell costimulation and a Th1 biased immune response. LAMP1 is also found on the plasma membrane during the activation of NK cells, CD8 & T cells, monocytes, basophils, and platelets.

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and aid in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) comprised of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome vary greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, thus preventing simple recognition by sequence homology. Mitochondrial Ribosomal Protein L2 (MRPL2) is a 39S subunit protein which is a member of the EcoL2 ribosomal protein family.

PMP2 is a small protein found in peripheral nerve myelin and spinal cord myelin, belongs to a family of fatty acid binding proteins. PMP2 partly decreases the inhibitory effect of T suppressors in the culture of immune lymph node cells. PMP2 protein is a lipid transport protein in schwann cells.

CBFB beta subunit is a heterodimeric core-binding transcription factor that is part of the PEBP2/CBF transcription factor family which controls a host of genes particulary to hematopoiesis and osteogenesis. CBFB is a non-DNA binding regulatory subunit which increases DNA binding by alpha subunit.

SERPINA1 is secreted and is a serine protease inhibitor which its targets include elastase, plasmin, collagenase, leucocytic proteases, trypsin, chymotrypsin, and plasminogen activator. Defects in SERPINA1 gene can cause emphysema or liver disease. SERPINA1 is an endogenous inhibitor of serine proteases and inhibits the catalytic domain of human recombinant matriptase in vitro. Rise in SERPINA1 occurs as an acute phase response to tissue necrosis and inflammation. mutations in SERPINA1 and SLC11A1 genes change the balance between elastase produced by leukocytes during phagocytosis.

Integrins are heterodimeric proteins consist of alpha and beta subunits. There are more than 18 alpha and 8 beta subunits discovered in mammals. Integrin family members are membrane receptors that participates in cell adhesion and recognition in a variety of processes including embryogenesis, hemostasis, tissue repair, immune response and metastatic diffusion of tumor cells. ITGB1 encodes a beta subunit.

TNFAIP3-interacting protein 1 (TNIP1) interacts with zinc finger protein A20/TNFAIP3 and inhibits TNF-induced NF-kappa-B-dependent gene expression by interfering with a RIP- or TRAF2-mediated transactivation signal. Furthermore, TNIP1 interacts with HIV-1 matrix protein and is packaged into virions and its overexpression can inhibit viral replication. TNIP1 can regulate matrix nuclear localization, both nuclear import of Preintegration complex (PIC) and export of GAG polyprotein and viral genomic RNA during virion production.