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Carboxylesterase 2E or CES2E is an enzyme that hydrolyzes various carboxylic acid esters. This enzyme can be found mainly in mammalian liver cells. CES2E is taking part in chemical reactions, especially in carboxylic ester and water catalyzation to alcohol & carboxylate.

Enteropeptidase or enterokinase is an enzyme involved in human digestion. It is produced by cells in the duodenum wall, and is secreted from duodenum's glands, the crypts of Lieberk?hn, whenever ingested food enters the duodenum from the stomach. Enteropeptidase has the critical job of turning trypsinogen (a zymogen) to trypsin, indirectly activating a number of pancreatic digestive enzymes. Enteropeptidase is a serine protease enzyme (EC 3.4.21.9). Enteropeptidase is a part of the Chymotrypsin-clan of serine proteases, and is structurally similar to these proteins.

Procollagen C-endopeptidase enhancer 1, also known as PCOLCE binds to the C-terminal propeptide of type I procollagen and enhances procollagen C-proteinase activity. In addition, C-terminal processed part of PCPE (CT-PCPE) has a metalloproteinase inhibitory activity. Among the diseases which are associated with PCOLCE: bone fracture & oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy.

Ectonucleoside Triphosphate Diphosphohydrolase 3, also known as ENTPD3, which owns a threefold preference for the hydrolysis of ATP over ADP is similar to E-type nucleotidases (NTPases). ENTPD3 is a protein coding gene which contains four apyrase-conserved areas which is characteristic of NTPases.

PECI is an enzyme that localized to the peroxisomal matrix and encloses one ACB (acyl-CoA-binding) domain. PECI is expressed abundantly in liver, heart and skeletal muscle. PECI functions to catalyze the isomerization of both 3-cis and 3-trans double bonds into the 2-trans form in an array of enoyl-CoA species. PECI takes part in the beta-oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids.

Sepiapterin Reductase is an aldo-keto reductase that catalyzes the NADPH-dependent reduction of pteridine derivatives and is essential in the biosynthesis of BH4. Mutations in Sepiapterin Reductase gene result in DOPA-responsive dystonia due to sepiaterin reductase deficiency defined by the presence of sustained involuntary muscle contractions, often leading to abnormal postures. Sepiapterin reductase is part of the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase family which reduces exogenous carbonyl compounds as well as phenylpropanedione. Sepiapterin reductase is an important enzyme for the biosynthesis of tetrahydrobiopterin, an necessary cofactor for aromatic amino acid hydrolases together with tyrosine hydroxylase, the rate-limiting enzyme in DOPA synthesis.

T5 Exonuclease is an important enzyme that belongs to the family of exonucleases and plays a vital role in DNA metabolism and genetic engineering. This research paper aims to provide an overview of T5 Exonuclease, including its structure, function, and diverse applications in molecular biology.

T5 Exonuclease is derived from the bacteriophage T5, and it possesses a remarkable ability to selectively degrade single-stranded DNA in a 5' to 3' direction. It is a highly processive enzyme, meaning it can cleave multiple nucleotides consecutively without dissociating from the DNA substrate. The enzyme exhibits high specificity for single-stranded DNA, making it a valuable tool for various molecular biology applications.

The primary function of T5 Exonuclease is to remove nucleotides from the 5' ends of single-stranded DNA molecules. By digesting DNA in a processive manner, T5 Exonuclease is involved in DNA repair mechanisms, such as the removal of damaged or mismatched nucleotides. It is also widely utilized in molecular cloning techniques to generate DNA fragments with precise ends for subsequent DNA ligation reactions.

ENO1 is a homodimeric soluble protein that encodes a smaller monomeric structural lens protein, tau-crystallin. ENO1 is a glycolytic enzyme expressed in mainly all tissues. ENO1 isoenzyme full length protein is found in the cytoplasm. The shorter protein is formed from another translation start that is restricted to the nucleus, and binds to a component in the c-myc promoter. ENO1 is involved in anaerobic metabolism under hypoxic conditions and plays a role as a cell surface plasminogen receptor during tissue invasion. Irregular expression of Enolase-1 is linked with tumor progression in several cases of breast and lung cancer. Enolase-1 is as an auto antigen associated with Hashimoto's encephalopathy and severe asthma. ENO1 is the target protein of serum anti-endothelial antibody in Behcet's disease.

HAGH is a part of the glyoxalase family and a thiolesterase which hydrolyses S-lactoyl-glutathione to reduced glutathione and D-lactate. HAGH protein is a detoxifying enzyme of glycolysis byproduct methylglyoxal and a target of p63 and p73 and serves as a pro-survival factor of the p53 family. HAGH appears only as a monomer and binds two zinc ions per subunit.

Luciferase is a general term for the class of oxidative enzymes used in bioluminescence and is distinct from a photoprotein. Luciferase catalyzes a bioluminescent reaction which involves the substrate luciferin as well as Mg2+ and ATP, produces green light with a wavelength of 562 nm. Luciferase from firefly is broadly used as a reporter for studying gene regulation and function, and for pharmaceutical screening.

3-ketodihydrosphingosine reductase (KDSR) is a 332 amino acid multi-pass membrane protein which localizes to the ER and is a member of the short-chain dehydrogenases/reductases (SDR) family. KDSR is a secreted protein that is weakly expressed in hematopoietic tissue. Furthermore, KDSR catalyzes the reduction of 3-ketodihydrosphingosine (KDS) to dihydrosphingosine (DHS). The putative active site residues of KDSR are found on the cytosolic side of the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. Chromosomal rearrangement in the KDSR gene is a cause of follicular lymphoma, aka type II chronic lymphatic leukemia.

Protease Serine 22 also known as Prss22 is identified brain-specific expression gene which is expressed mainly in epitheliumrich tissues such as the lung and eye. Prss22 encodes to a serine protease which called BSSP-4 or BSP-2.

GARS is an (alpha)2 dimer which is a member of the class II family of tRNA synthetases. GARS is a glycyl-tRNA synthetase, one of the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases which charge tRNAs with their cognate amino acids. GARS catalyzes the attachment of glycine to tRNA(Gly). In addition, GARS is able to produce diadenosine tetraphosphate (Ap4A), which is a universal pleiotropic signaling molecule required for cell regulation pathways, by direct condensation of two ATPs. GARS has been demonstrated to be a target of autoantibodies in the human autoimmune diseases, polymyositis or dermatomyositis.

ACAA1 is part of the thiolase family of enzymes and is takes part in lipid metabolism. ACAA1 enzyme is localized to the peroxisome and catalyzes the conversion of acyl-CoA and acetyl-CoA to 3-oxoacyl-CoA in the fatty acid oxidation pathway. ACAA1 shows high enzymatic activity in liver, kidney, intestine and white adipose tissue in rats. ACAA1 deficiency causes pseudo-Zellweger syndrome.

TPI1 is one of the triosephosphate isomerase family. TPI1 catalyzes the isomerization of glyceraldehydes 3-phosphate (G3P) and dihydroxy-acetone phosphate (DHAP) in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. Mutations in TPI1 causes triosephosphate isomerase deficiency (TPI deficiency). TPI deficiency is an autosomal recessive disorder which is the most severe clinical disorder of glycolysis and is related to neonatal jaundice, chronic hemolytic anemia, progressive neuromuscular dysfunction, cardiomyopathy and increased susceptibility to infection.

Ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase isozyme L3 belongs to a gene family whose products hydrolyze small C-terminal adducts of ubiquitin to produce the ubiquitin monomer. UCHL3 takes part in the regulation of neuronal development and spermatogenesis and is associated to neurodegenerative diseases. UCHL3 has a 54% homology to UCHL1.

N-alpha-acetyltransferase 50 (NAA50) consists of 169 amino acid cytoplasmic protein belonging to the acetyltransferase family and GNAT subfamily. NAA50 is a likely catalytic component of the ARD1A-NARG1 complex which displays alpha acetyltransferase activity. NAA50 has also been shown to interact with MAK10 and is encoded by a gene that maps to human chromosome 3q13.2.

DNA polymerase POLL is involved in base excision repair (BER). POLL is a low-fidelity polymerase that takes part in both spontaneous and DNA damage-induced mutagenesis. Furthermore, POLL takes part in the mutagenic bypass of T-T dimers. Pol lambda possesses terminal transferase and 5’-deoxyribose-5-phosphate lyase activity which is synchronized by PCNA and replication protein A.

MAT2B is part of the methionine adenosyltransferase family. MAT2B catalyzes the biosynthesis of S-adenosylmethionine from methionine and ATP. MAT2B is the regulatory beta subunit of MAT. MAT2B expression in hepatoma cell lines increases DNA synthesis and thus take part in cell proliferation.

MMAB protein catalyzes the last step in the conversion of vitamin B(12) into adenosylcobalamin (AdoCbl), a vitamin B12 containing coenzyme for methylmalonyl-CoA mutase(MCM). Decreased MMAB activity leads to the inherited disorder vitamin B12 dependent methylmalonic aciduria linked to the cblB complementation group.

Ectonucleoside Triphosphate Diphosphohydrolase 3, also known as ENTPD3, which owns a threefold preference for the hydrolysis of ATP over ADP is similar to E-type nucleotidases (NTPases). ENTPD3 is a protein coding gene which contains four apyrase-conserved areas which is characteristic of NTPases.

ST6GAL1 also known as ST6 Beta-Galactosamide Alpha-2,6-Sialyltranferase 1, is part of the glycosyltransferase family 29. ST6GAL1 is a type II membrane protein which catalyzes the transfer of sialic acid from CMP-sialic acid to galactose-containing substrates. Furthermore, ST6GAL1 is normally found in the Golgi however it can be proteolytically processed to a soluble form, ST6GAL1 is also involved in the generation of the cell-surface carbohydrate determinants as well differentiation antigens HB-6, CD75, and CD76.

TREX2 holds a 3-prime-to-5-prime exonuclease activity and eliminates mismatched, modified, fragmented, and normal nucleotides to produce the appropriate 3-prime termini for following steps in the DNA metabolic pathways. TREX2 has a role in DNA replication, repair, and recombination.