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SMARCA4 belongs to the SWI/SNF family of proteins and is similar to the brahma protein of Drosophila. Proteins in this family have helicase and ATPase activities and are considered to regulate transcription ofcertain genes by altering the chromatin structure around those genes. SMARCA4 is part of the large ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling complex SNF/SWI, which is essential for transcriptional activation of genesnormally repressed by chromatin. In addition, SMARCA4 is able to bind BRCA1, as well as regulating the expression ofthe tumorigenic protein CD44. Moreover, mutations in SMARCA4 cause rhabdoid tumor predisposition syndrome type 2.

Human Fatty Epidermal Acid Binding Protein FABP also called FABP-5 is a 15 kD member of the intracellular fatty acid binding protein (FABP) family, which is known for the ability to bind fatty acids and related compounds ( bile acids or retinoids). In an internal cavity. The fatty acid binding proteins aP2 (fatty acid binding protein [FABP]-4) and mal1 (EFABP) are closely related and both are expressed in adipocytes. Absence of EFABP/mal1 resulted in increased systemic insulin sensitivity in two models of obesity and insulin resistance. Adipocytes isolated from mal1-deficient mice also exhibited enhanced insulin-stimulated glucose transport capacity. In contrast, mice expressing high levels of mal1 in adipose tissue display reduced systematic insulin activity.

NANOGP8 belongs to the homeobox family of DNA binding transcription factors which is known to conserve pluripotency of embryonic stem cells. One change only separate NANOGP8 from NANOG – instead of 'Gln-253' in the inferred amino acid sequence in NANOG there is a ‘His-253’ in NANOGP8.

HLH (helix-loop-helix) proteins are a putative transcription factors family. Several HLH proteins take part in growth and development of an extensive range of tissues and species. NHLH1 functions as a DNA-binding protein and has a role in the regulation of cell-type determination in the developing nervous system.

Dyneins are multi-subunit, high molecular weight ATPases which cooperate with microtubules to create energy by altering the chemical energy of ATP into the mechanical energy of movement. DYNLL2 is a large protein complex made up of six different subunits and is in charge of a large number of intracellular movements to the minus ends of microtubules. DYNLL2 is an extremely conserved eukaryotic hub protein with dozens of binding partners and numerous roles other than being a subunit of dynein and myosin Va motor proteins.

CDC123 is a member of the CDC123 family. CDC123is required for S phase entry of the cell cycle. It is also broadly expressed in spleen,thymus, prostate, testis, ovary, small intestine, colon and leukocytes with the uppermost expression in testis.

Human IL-36a belongs to the IL-1 family which includes IL-1b, IL-1a, IL-1ra, IL-18, IL-36ra (IL1F5), IL-36b (IL1F8), IL-36g (IL1F9), IL-37 (IL1F7) and IL-38 (IL-1F10). The IL-1 family members display a 12 b-strand, b-trefoil configuration, and are thought to have ascended from a mutual ancestral gene. IL-36a is an 18-22kDa, 158aa intracellular and secreted protein which holds no signal sequence, no prosegment and no potential from N-linked glycosylation sites. IL-36a is released as a reaction to LPS and the cell ATP-induced activation of the P2X7 receptor.
Human IL-36a (aa 6-158) shares 57-68% aa sequence homology with mouse, rabbit, equine and bovine IL-36a and 27-57% aa sequence homology with other new IL-1 family members. IL-36a is mostly found in skin and lymphoid tissues, but also in fetal brain, trachea, stomach and intestine.

The cytokine Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) has been identified to be secreted by the pituitary gland and the monocyte/macrophage and to play an important role in endotoxic shock. MIF has the unique property of being released from macrophages and T cells in response to physiological concentrations of glucocorticoids. The secretion of MIF is tightly regulated and decreases at high, anti-inflammatory steroid concentration.

TP53-induced glycolysis and apoptosis regulator (TIGAR or C12ORF5), is a 270 amino acid protein induced by the p53 tumor suppressor pathway that functions to protect against oxidative stress. C12ORF5 specifically functions to block glycolysis, leading the pathway to the pentose phosphate shunt and decreasing the intracellular concentration of reactive oxygen species. Therefore, it is thought that C12ORF5 may act to modulate the apoptotic response to p53, thus allowing cells to survive mild or transient stresses.

SMAD2 is part of the SMAD family of proteins that mediate signal transduction by the TGF-beta/BMP-2/4 cytokine superfamily from receptor Ser/Thr protein kinases at the cell surface to the nucleus. Phosphorylated SMAD2 is then able to form a complex with SMAD4 or SARA. These complexes accumulate in the cell nucleus, where they are directly participating in the regulation of gene expression. SMAD2 mediates the signal of the TGF-beta, and therefore regulates multiple cellular processes, such as cell proliferation, apoptosis, and differentiation. SMAD2 is recruited to the TGF-beta receptors through its interaction with the SMAD anchor for receptor activation (SARA) protein.
TGF-beta 1 acts on adjacent stromal cells to turn on SMAD2 signalling that could lead to stromal decidualization. SMAD2 is the downstream signal transducers of TGF-beta-1 in human dental pulp cells.

HMGN1 binds to the inner side of the nucleosomal DNA therefore changing the interaction between the DNA and the histone octamer. HMGN1 participates in the development which maintains transcribable genes in an exceptional chromatin conformation. HMGN1 inhibits the phosphorylation of nucleosomal histones H3 and H2A by RPS6KA5/MSK1 and RPS6KA3/RSK2.

IHH belongs to the hedgehog family of secreted signaling molecules. Hedgehog proteins are vital regulators of various developmental processes including growth, patterning and morphogenesis. The vertebrate homologues of Hh comprise several proteins including sonic hedgehog (Shh), Indian hedgehog (Ihh), and Desert hedgehog (Dhh). IHH has a specific role in bone growth and differentiation. In addition, IHH is involved in yolk sac vasculogenesis, having a central role in differentiation of epiblast cells into endothelial and red blood cells. IHH mRNA expression is detected in fetal lung, gut, stomach, liver, kidney, pancreas and strongly in cartilage in growth regions of the developing bone. IHH gene mutations cause the brachydactyly type A1 which is characterized by shortening or malformation of the phalanges and also the acrocapitofemoral dysplasia.

C11ORF31 (Chromosome 11 Open Reading Frame 31) is a selenoprotein, which contains a selenocysteine (Sec) residue at its active site. The selenocysteine is encoded by the UGA codon which ordinarily signals translation termination. The 3' UTR of selenoprotein genes have a mutual stem-loop structure, the sec insertion sequence (SECIS), which is essential for the recognition of UGA as a Sec codon rather than as a stop signal. The exact function of the C11ORF31 gene is not known, however, selenoproteins are assumed to be responsible for most biomedical effects of dietary selenium. C11ORF31 is involved in a redox-related process.

TGFB-Induced Factor Homeobox 2-Like, X-Linked (TGIF2LX) belongs to the TALE/TGIF homeobox family of transcription factors and takes part in spermatogenesis. A homolog of TGIF2LX is located in the male specific region of chromosome Y, in a block of sequence which is the outcome of a large X-to-Y transposition.

HSP10 is part of the molecular chaperons, that are crucial for thir efficient folding of proteins in normal as well as stress conditions. GroES function is to bind to HSP60 in the presence of ATP, thus causing a change in the HSP60 conformation & enclosing the protein substrate within the complex. ATP hydrolysis by chaperonin-60 which destabilizes the HSP10-HSP60 complex, thereby allowing it to dissociate and secrete the substrate protein. GroES having the NCBI accession number of NP_002148 was purified by using conventional chromatography techniques.

S100A8 is a part of the S100 family of proteins containing 2 EF-hand calcium-binding motifs. S100 proteins are localized in the cytoplasm and/or nucleus of a broad range of cells, and participate in the regulation of cellular processes such as cell cycle progression and differentiation. S100A8 plays a role in the inhibition of casein kinase and as a cytokine. S100A8 altered expression is related with cystic fibrosis disease. S100A8 is a calcium-binding protein that has antimicrobial activity against bacteria and fungi.S100A8 is crucial for resistance towards invasion by pathogenic bacteria. S100A8 up-regulates transcription of genes that are under the control of NF-kappa-B. S100A8 plays a role in the development of endotoxic shock in response to bacterial lipopolysaccharide. S100A8 endorses tubulin polymerization and promotes phagocyte migration and infiltration of granulocytes at sites of wounding. S100A8 takes part as a pro-inflammatory mediator in acute and chronic inflammation and up-regulates the release of IL8 and cell-surface expression of ICAM1.

Homeodomain-only protein (HOPX) functions via its interaction with SRF, thus modulating the expression of SRF-dependent cardiac-specific genes and cardiac development. HOPX inhibits SRF-dependent transcription either by hindering SRF binding to DNA or by engaging histone deacetylase (HDAC) proteins which prevent transcription by SRF. HOPX is a homeodomain protein which lacks certain conserved residues required for DNA binding. HOPX overexpression causes cardiac hypertrophy.

Recombinant Human Sonic Hedgehog is part of a small group of secreted proteins that are vital for development in both vertebrates and invertebrates. 3 mammalian hedgehog genes (sonic, desert, Indian) share about 60% homology. The Human Sonic Hedgehog is 99% homologous to the mouse gene. Sonic HedgeHog is a protein that is vital in guding the early embryo. It has been associated as the major inductive signal in patterning of the ventral neural tube, the anterior-posterior limb axis, and the ventral somites. Sonic HedgeHog binds to the patched receptor, which functions in association with smoothened, to activate the transcription of target genes. In the absence of sonic HedgeHog, patched receptor represses the constitutive signaling activity of smoothened. Sonic HedgeHog also regulates another factor, the gli oncogene. Sonic HedgeHog intercellular signal is essential for a various patterning events during development: signal produced by the notochord that induces ventral cell fate in the

Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (CXCL1) is a small cytokine belonging to the CXC chemokine family that was previously called GRO1 oncogene, Neutrophil-activating protein 3 (NAP-3) and melanoma growth stimulating activity, alpha (MSGA-a). It is secreted by human melanoma cells, has mitogenic properties and is implicated in melanoma pathogenesis. CXCL1 is expressed by macrophages, neutrophils and epithelial cells, and has neutrophil chemoattractant activity. CXCL1 plays a role in spinal cord development by inhibiting the migration of oligodendrocyte precursors and is involved in the processes of angiogenesis, inflammation, wound healing, and tumorigenesis. This chemokine elicits its effects by signaling through the chemokine receptor CXCR2. The gene for CXCL1 is located on human chromosome 4 amongst genes for other CXC chemokines.

SDF-1 (stromal cell-derived factor-1) is small cytokine belonging to the chemokine family that is officially designated Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 12 (CXCL12). It is produced in two forms, SDF-1?/CXCL12a and SDF-1?/CXCL12b, by alternate splicing of the same gene. Chemokines are characterized by the presence of four conserved cysteines, which form two disulfide bonds. The CXCL12 proteins belong to the group of CXC chemokines, whose initial pair of cysteines are separated by one intervening amino acid. CXCL12 is strongly chemotactic for lymphocytes and has been implicated as an important cell co-ordinator during development. During embryogenesis it directs the migration of hematopoietic cells from foetal liver to bone marrow. Mice which were knocked-out for CXCL12 gene were lethal before the birth or within just 1 hour of life. As another role, CXCL12a alters also the electrophysiology of neurons. CXCL12 was shown to be expressend in many tissues in mice (including brain, thymus, heart, lung, liver, kidney, spleen and bone marrow).
The receptor for this chemokine is CXCR4, which was previously called fusin. This CXCL12-CXCR4 interaction used to be considered exclusive (unlike for other chemokines and their receptors), but recently it was suggested that CXCL12 is also bound by CXCR7 receptor.
The gene for CXCL12 is located on human chromosome 10. In human and mouse both CXCL12 and CXCR4 show high identity of sequence: 99% and 90%, respectively.

High mobility group protein HMG-I/HMG-Y (HMGA1) belongs to the non-histone chromosomal high mobility group protein (HMG) family. HMGA1 is composed of a highly conserved AT-hook DNA-binding domain which mediates binding to AT-rich sequences in the minor groove of chromosomal DNA. HMGA1 functions as an architectural chromatin-binding transcription factor modifying the conformation of DNA by modulating nuclear protein-DNA complexes. Furthermore, HMGA1 is involved in numerous cellular processes including growth regulation, viral induction of beta-IFN gene and regulation of inducible gene transcription.

SARS-Associated Coronavirus Nuclecapsid is an enveloped viral componentthat contains three external structural antigens, the mains are membrane (M), envelope (E), and spike (S) proteins. Spike (S)-glycoprotein of the virus interacts with a membrenal receptor and mediates membrane fusion to grant viral entry into the target cells. therefore, S-protein has a crucial part in virus infection cycle and is the main target of neutralizing antibodies.

EPGN is an EGF-related polypeptide growth factor that signals through the ErbB receptor-1. EPGN is produced in numerous tissues, including the testis, liver, heart and in certain tumor cells. EPGN is mitogenic for fibroblasts and epithelial cells. Human EPGN is originally synthesized as a glycosylated 14.7 kDa transmembrane precursor protein, which is processed by proteolytic cleavage to produce a mature soluble sequence.

TAR DNA Binding Protein (TARDBP) was initially recognized as a transcriptional repressor which binds to chromosomally integrated TAR DNA and represses HIV-1 transcription. In addition, TARDBP has been detected in individuals diagnosed with chronic traumatic encephalopathy as well, which is a condition that often imitates ALS andhas been related with athletes who have experienced multiple concussions and other types of head injury.TARDBP has been shown to bind both DNA and RNA, it has multiple functions in transcriptional repression, pre-mRNAsplicing and translational regulation.