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Phosphotransacetylase (PTA) is a metabolic enzyme (EC 2.3.1.8) that catalyzes the reversible conversion: acetyl-CoA + Pi ⇄ acetyl-phosphate + CoA. The reversible reaction of acetyl-CoA to acetate node and back, is useful in R&D and biotech assays such as Metabolic engineering, Synthetic biology, Production of biopolymers, Enzymatic synthesis of acetyl-phosphate, bacterial signaling
and Fermentation.  Phosphotransacetylase controls acetate formation and manipulates acetyl-CoA flux thus is widely used in protein expression, metabolic engineering, and synthetic pathways.

HPRT1 has a main part in the generation of purine nucleotides through the purine salvage pathway. HPRT1 primarily functions to salvage purines from degraded DNA to renewed purine synthesis. Therefore, it performs as a catalyst in the reaction between guanine and phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate to form GMP.

Cytochrome C Oxidase Subunit Va (COX5A) is a member of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 5A family. COX (Cytochrome C Oxidase), which is the terminal component of the mitochondrial respiratory chain, catalyzes the electron transfer from reduced Cytochrome C to oxygen. The COX component is a heteromeric complex comprised of three catalytic subunits encoded by mitochondrial genes and multiple structural subunits encoded by nuclear genes. The mitochondrially-encoded subunits serve in electron transfer, and the nuclear-encoded subunits act in the regulation and assembly of the complex. COX5A is the heme A-containing chain of Cytochrome C Oxidase,which is the terminal oxidase in mitochondrial electron transport.

S100A9 is part of the S100 family of proteins containing 2 EF-hand calcium-binding motifs. S100A9 protein is localized in the cytoplasm and/or nucleus of a wide range of cells, and participates in the regulation of several cellular processes such as cell cycle progression and differentiation. S100 genes include no less than 13 proteins which are localized as a cluster on chromosome 1q21. S100A9 is involved in the inhibition of casein kinase and altered expression of this protein is associated with the disease cystic fibrosis.

Methionyl Aminopeptidase 1D (METAP1D) is a part of the peptidase M24A family. METAP1D which is overexpressed in colon cancer cell lines participates in tumorigenesis. METAP1D eliminates methionine from the N-terminus of nascent proteins.

Spermidine/Spermine N1-Acetyltransferase 2, also known as SAT2 catalyzes the acetylation of polyamines (Acetyl-CoA + an alkane-alpha,omega-diamine = CoA + an N-acetyldiamine).

CysH (Phosphoadenosine phosphosulfate reductase) is a member of the PAPS reductase family, specifically those acting on a sulfur group of donors with a disulfide as acceptor. The 3 substrates of the CysH enzyme are adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate, sulfite, and thioredoxin disulfide, whereas its two products are 3'-phosphoadenylyl sulfate and thioredoxin.

HPRT1 has a main part in the generation of purine nucleotides through the purine salvage pathway. HPRT1 primarily functions to salvage purines from degraded DNA to renewed purine synthesis. Therefore, it performs as a catalyst in the reaction between guanine and phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate to form GMP.

Tryptophanase, also known as tnaA, catalyzes chemical reaction using 2 substrates which are L-tryptophan and H2O. tnaA protein's three products are indole, pyruvate, and NH3.

Ecto-ADP-Ribosyltransferase 4 or ART4 is typed as a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-linked membrane protein which carries Dombrock blood group antigens. The development of this protein takes place at the highest levels in the fetal liver. the process of the ART4 development is regulated while the erythroid differentiation process occurs. ART4 is a is part of the Ribosyltransferase family.

METTL1 is recognized as tRNA (guanine-N(7)-)-methyltransferase that is a part of the methyltransferase superfamily. METTL1 displays high sequence similarity to yeast ORF YDL201w and can be inactivated by phosphorylation. METTL1 protein has a conserved S-adenosylmethionine-binding motif and ccatalyzes the formation of N(7)-methylguanine at position 46 (m7G46) in tRNA.

SAT-1 is a member the acetyltransferase family, and is a rate-limiting enzyme in the catabolic pathway of polyamine metabolism. SAT1 catalyzes the acetylation of spermidine and spermine, and is involved in the regulation of the intracellular concentration of polyamines and their transport out of cells. Therefore, SAT-1’s role is essential in polyamine homoeostasis, given that acetylated products are either excreted from the cell or oxidized by acetylpolyamine oxidase. Increased SAT1 activity causes variety of other effects which include pancreatic cells death, obstruction of regenerative tissue growth, behavioral changes, keratosis follicularis spinulosa decalvans (KFSD), and hair loss.
Defects in the SAT1 gene are linked to KFSD (keratosis follicularis spinulosa decalvans), which is a rare X-linked disorder affecting the skin and the eye. The KFSD affected men show thickening of the skin of the neck, ears, and extremities, particularly the palms and soles, loss of eyebrows, eyelashes and beard, thickening of the eyelids with blepharitis and ectropion, and corneal degeneration. Even though the majority of the affected families are compatible with an X-linked inheritance, KFSD are found to be clinically and genetically heterogeneous.

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and aid in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) comprised of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome vary greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, thus preventing simple recognition by sequence homology. Mitochondrial Ribosomal Protein L2 (MRPL2) is a 39S subunit protein which is a member of the EcoL2 ribosomal protein family.

UDP Glycosyltransferase 8 (UGT8) is a member of the UDP-glycosyltransferase family. UGT8 catalyzes the transfer of galactose to ceramide, a crucial enzymatic step in the biosynthesis of galactocerebrosides, which are abundant sphingolipids of the myelin membrane of the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system.

AK1 is a small ubiquitous enzyme which is essential for maintenance and cell growth. It is involved in the regulation of adenine nucleotide composition within a cell by catalyzing the reversible transfer of the terminal phosphate group between ATP and AMP. The AK1 protein is found in the cytosol of skeletal muscle, brain and erythrocytes. Defects in the AK1 gene are the cause of a form of hemolytic anemia.

NMNAT1 enzyme is vital for NAD biosynthesis, catalyzing the condensation of nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) or nicotinic acid mononucleotide (NaMN) with the AMP moiety of ATP to form NAD or NaAD. NMNAT1 is widely expressed with high levels in skeletal muscle, heart, liver and kidney. This protein appears to have the ability to protect against axonal degeneration following mechanical or toxic insults.

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit and have about 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Mitochondrial Ribosomal Protein S2 (MRPS2) is a 28S subunit protein which is a part of the ribosomal protein S2 family and comprises a 12S rRNA and about 30 distinct proteins.

PET117 is nuclear gene essential for the assembly of active cytochrome c oxidase in S. cerevisiae. Nevertheless the gene products are not subunits of the final assembled cytochrome c oxidase complex. PET117 is found in chromosome V proximate the HIS1 gene.

WARS is part of the class I tRNA synthetase family. 2 types of tryptophanyl tRNA synthetase exist, a cytoplasmic form, called WARS, and a mitochondrial form, called WARS2. WARS catalyzes the aminoacylation of tRNA(trp) with tryptophan and is induced by INF. WARS controls ERK, Akt, and eNOS activation pathways that are related with angiogenesis, cytoskeletal reorganization and shear stress-responsive gene expression.

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and assist in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit (MRPL13 is a 39S subunit protein) and have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. An additional difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the second contain a 5S rRNA. Among various species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology.

NANS is a 359 amino acid protein that contains one AFP (antifreeze proteins)-like domain and functions in the biosynthesis of sialic acids. The ubiquitously expressed NANS enzymatically catalyzes the H2O-dependent formation of N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) and 2-keto-3-deoxy-D-glycero-D-galacto-nononic acid (KDN), both of which are sialic acids. NANS uses N-acetylmannosamine 6-phosphate as a substrate for Neu5Ac synthesis and mannose 6-phosphate as a substrate for KDN synthesis.

Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. Mitochondrial Ribosomal Protein S28, also known as MRPS28, is a protein coding gene which encodes a 28S subunit protein which is known as mitochondrial ribosomal protein S35.

ASF1A is part of the H3/H4 family of histone chaperone proteins corresponding to the anti-silencing function-1 gene in yeast. ASF1A is an important element of the histone donor complex that functions in nucleosome assembly. ASF1A interacts with histones H3 and H4, and functions together with a chromatin assembly factor during DNA replication and repair. Deletion of ASF1A in yeast and Drosophila confers sensitivity to various DNA damaging agents and inhibitors of DNA replication, increases genomic instability and sister chromatid exchange, and activates the DNA damage checkpoint.

Glycine amidinotransferase mitochondrial (GATM) is a mitochondrial enzyme which is a member of the amidinotransferase family. The GATM enzyme is involved in creatine biosynthesis, where it catalyzes the transfer of a guanido group from L-arginine to glycine, resulting in guanidinoacetic acid, the immediate precursor of creatine, which has an imperative role in energy metabolism in muscle tissues. GATM is significant in embryonic and central nervous system development. GATM gene mutations cause arginine:glycine amidinotransferase deficiency, an inborn error of creatine synthesis characterized by mental retardation, language impairment, and behavioral disorders.