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IL17 is a proinflammatory cytokine produced by activated T cells. IL-17 regulates the activities of NF-kappaB and mitogen-activated protein kinases. Interleukin-17 can stimulate the expression of IL6 and cyclooxygenase-2 (PTGS2/COX-2), as well as enhance the production of nitric oxide (NO). High levels of IL-17 are associated with several chronic inflammatory diseases including rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis and multiple sclerosis.

TARC cDNA encodes a 94 amino acid precursor protein with a 23 amino acid residue signal peptide that is cleaved off to generate the 71 amino acid residue mature secreted protein. Along with CC chemokine family members, CCL-17 has approximately 24-29% amino acid sequence identity with RANTES, MIP-1a, MIP-1b, MCP-1, MCP-2, MCP-3 and I-309. TARC is expressed in thymus, and at a lower level in the lung, colon, and small intestine. TARC is in addition transiently expressed in stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Recombinant TARC has been shown to be chemotactic for T cell lines but not monocytes or neutrophils. CCL-17 was recently identified to be a specific functional ligand for CCR4, a receptor that is selectively expressed on T cells. CCL17 is one of quite a few Cys-Cys (CC) cytokine genes clustered on the q arm of chromosome 16. CCL17 shows chemotactic activity for T lymphocytes, but not monocytes or granulocytes. CCL17 binds to chemokine receptors CCR4 and CCR8. This chemokine plays important roles in T cell development in thymus as well as in trafficking and activation of mature T cells.

Podoplanin is a small mucin-like type-1 transmembrane protein, typically expressed in various specialized cell types throughout the body. Podoplanin is a type-I integral membrane glycoprotein with diverse distribution in human tissues. PDPN physiological function is related to its mucin-type character. The homologous protein in other species has been described as a differentiation antigen and influenza-virus receptor.
PDPN is expressed in lymphatic progenitor cells and afterwards during mouse development in lymphatic endothelial cells. Podoplanin is a specific marker for lymph vessel endothelial cells. Over-expression of podoplanin significantly elevates endothelial cell adhesion, migration, and tube formation. Inhibition of Podoplanin expression decreases cell adhesion in human dermal lymphatic endothelial cells. Podoplanin is used as a specific marker for lymphatic endothelium in histopathology.
Podoplanin expression is increased in nearly all human colon, rectum, and small intestine tumors. AGGRUS may serve as a diagnostic marker that distinguishes seminomas, the majority of which over express the protein, from embryonal carcinoma in testicular germ cell tumors.

Calreticulin 3 (CALR3) belongs to the calreticulin (CRT) family which consists of calcium binding chaperones that are localized to the endoplasmic reticulum or sarcoplasmic reticulum in eukaryotes. CALR3, which is expressed mainly in testis, takes part in protein-folding, oligomeric assembly and quality control in the ER. CALR3 plays an important role as a cancer-testis antigen due to its frequent expression in many cancers.

CAPSL is a calcium-binding protein holding two conserved calcium-binding motifs (EF-hands) which are found in a superfamily of calcium sensors and calcium signal modulators. In addition, the CAPSL gene is in the same linkage disequilibrium (LD) block as the IL7R gene and there is well known association between the CAPSL-IL7R locus and type 1 diabetes.

Thiamin pyrophosphokinase 1 (TPK1) is a homodimer which catalyzes the phosphorylation of thiamine to thiamine pyrophosphate. TPK1 is found in the heart, kidney, testis, small intestine and peripheral blood leukocytes, and at very low levels in a variety of tissues. TPK1 gene defects cause the thiamine metabolism dysfunction syndrome type 5, episodic encephalopathy type (THMD5), which is an autosomal recessive metabolic disorder due to an inborn error of thiamine metabolism.

Complement Factor Properdin (CFP) which is a plasma glycoprotein, is a positive regulator of the alternative complement pathway of the innate immune system. CFP binds and stabilizes the C3- and C5-convertase enzyme complexes in a feedback loop that eventually ends with formation of the membrane attack complex and lysis of the target cell. Mutations in CFP lead to 2 forms of properdin deficiency that cause high susceptibility to meningococcal infections.

Vesicle-Associated Membrane Protein 7 (VAMP7) is a member of the synaptobrevin family. VAMP7 is a transmembrane protein, which is a member of the soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) family. VAMP7 is involved in the targeting and/or fusion of transport vesicles to their target membrane during transport of proteins from the early endosome to the lysosome. VAMP7 localizes to late endosomes and lysosomes and is involved in the fusion of transport vesicles to their target membranes. VAMP7 is essential for heterotypic fusion of late endosomes with lysosomes and homotypic lysosomal fusion. It is also necessary for calcium regulated lysosomal exocytosis. In addition, VAMP7 is involved in the export of chylomicrons from the endoplasmic reticulum to the cis Golgi. Furthermore, VAMP7 is needed for exocytosis of mediators during eosinophil and neutrophil degranulation, and target cell killing by natural killer cells.

RAC1 is a GTPase which belongs to the RAS superfamily of small GTP-binding proteins. Members of this superfamily appear to regulate a diverse array of cellular events, including the control of cell growth, cytoskeletal reorganization, and the activation of protein kinases. RAC-1 regulates the actin cytoskeleton but also other cellular processes. RAC1 have been shown to be involved in the regulation of cell-cell adhesion.

RAC2 is a small signaling G protein/GTPase which is part of the RAS superfamily of small GTP-binding proteins which regulate cell growth, actin cytoskeletal organization, cell proliferation, survival, cell cycle progression, gene transcription rgulation and the activation of protein kinases. RAC2 cycles between an active gtp-bound and inactive gdp-bound state. In active state, RAC2 binds to a variety of effector proteins to regulate cellular responses, such as secretory processes, phagocytose of apoptotic cells and epithelial cell polarization. RAC2 is involved in the regulation of the nadph oxidase.

Ribulose-phosphate 3-epimerase (RPE) is a member of the ribulose-phosphate 3-epimerase family. RPE is the enzyme which converts D-ribulose 5-phosphate into D-xylulose 5-phosphate in Calvin's reductive pentose phosphate cycle. Therefore, the RPE enzyme has one substrate, D-ribulose 5-phosphate, and one product, D-xylulose 5-phosphate. RPE participates in three metabolic pathways: pentose phosphate pathway, pentose and glucuronate interconversions, and carbon fixation.

SARS Coronavirus is an enveloped virus containing 3 outer structural proteins, namely the membrane (M), envelope (E), and spike (S) proteins. Spike (S)-glycoprotein of the virus interacts with a cellular receptor and mediates membrane fusion to allow viral entry into susceptible target cells. Accordingly, S-protein takes part in virus infection cycle and is the primary target of neutralizing antibodies.

gAcrp30 globular protein, exists as a result of proteolytic processing of adiponectin. Adiponectin is manufactured and secreted solely by adipocytes, and is a highly obtained plasma protein, accounting for up to 0.05% of total serum protein. Similar to Adiponectin, gAcrp30 is able of lowering hyperglycemia and reversing INS resistance. In addition, gAcrp30 is an significant protein that is involved in promoting fat loss by signaling muscle to absorb and burn Free-Fatty Acids. AdipoR1 & AdipoR2 are the 2 signaling receptors for adiponectin and gAcrp30 that were recently been identified.

Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 13 (CCL13 / MCP-4) is a small cytokine belonging to the CC chemokine family. The MCP-4 gene is located on human chromosome 17 within a large cluster of other CC chemokines. MCP-4 induces chemotaxis in monocytes, eosinophils, T lymphocytes, and basophils by binding cell surface G-protein linked chemokine receptors such as CCR2, CCR3 and CCR5. Activity of the MCP-4 chemokine has been implicated in allergic reactions such as asthma. MCP-4 can be induced by the inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1 and TNF-a.

KRT20 is a member of the keratin family. The keratins are intermediate filament proteins responsible for the structural integrity of epithelial cells and are subdivided into cytokeratins and hair keratins. The type I cytokeratins consist of acidic proteins which are arranged in pairs of heterotypic keratin chains. This cytokeratin is a major cellular protein of mature enterocytes and goblet cells and is specifically expressed in the gastric and intestinal mucosa. The type I cytokeratin genes are clustered in a region of chromosome 17q12-q21.

Complement factor H (CFH) is an important regulatory component of the alternative pathway of complement. CFH is prevents complement activation on host cells and tissues, mainly the kidney. CFH controls the formation and decay of the alternative pathway C3/C5 convertase and acts as a cofactor for factor I which proteolytically inactivates C3b when C3b is bound to factor H. The N-terminal 5 domains of CFH bind to C3b and inhibit binding of factor B thus reducing the formation of C3/C5 convertase. CFH also binds to preformed C3/C5 convertases and causes quick release of the catalytic subunit Bb. These activities are necessary for controlling the spontaneous activation of the alternative pathway amplification process in plasma. In addition, CFH controls the formation and decay of these enzymes when C3b is attached to the surface of particles.

M-phase inducer phosphatase 1 (CDC25A) belongs to the CDC25 family of phosphatases. CDC25A is essential for progression from G1 to the S phase of the cell cycle. CDC25A activates the cyclin-dependent kinase CDC2 by eliminating 2 phosphate groups. CDC25A is specifically degraded in reaction to DNA damage, which inhibits cells with chromosomal abnormalities from progressing in the course of cell division. CDC25A is an oncogene, though its exact function in oncogenesis has not been determined.

Dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 3 (MAP2K3) is a dual specificity protein kinase which is a member of the MAP kinase kinase family. MAP2K3 is activated by mitogenic and environmental stress, and participates in the MAP kinase-mediated signaling cascade. MAP2K3 phosphorylates and consequently activates MAPK14/p38-MAPK.

Alpha-2 Macroglobulin is a serine proteases inhibitor, which inhibits coagulation by inactivating thrombin and Kallikrein, it inhibits fibrinolysis by inactivating plasmin and involved in transport. Alpha-2-Macroglobulin is a large plasma protein, which is produced by the liver, it’s composed of 4 identical subunits bound together by -S-S- bonds. A2M is able to inactivate many kinds of proteinases (including serine-, cysteine-, aspartic- and metalloproteinases). A2M has a 35 amino acid "bait" region in its structure. Proteinases bind and cleave the “bait” region become bound to A2M. Macrophage receptors recognize the proteinase-A2M complex and clear it from the system. A2M binds to and removes MMP-2 and MMP-9 (active forms of the gelatinase) from the circulation using scavenger receptors on the phagocytes. The levels of Alpha-2-macroglobulin are increased in nephrotic syndrome which is a condition where the kidneys start to leak out some of the smaller blood proteins. Due to its large size, A2-macroglobulin is retained in the bloodstream. Increased production of all proteins causes A2-macroglobulin concentration to increase. Chronic renal failure might lead to amyloid by alpha-2-macroglobulin. A2M is raised in cirrhosis, pregnancy and diabetes.

SARS Associated Coronavirus Spike is a causative agent of SARS virus. Diseases caused by Coronaviruses are usually controlled by CD8 T cells. The spike antigen is one of the main surface proteins on Coronavirus, therefore one of the main proteins that are candidates for vaccines.

Proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase MER is a protein, this enzyme is coded from the MERTK gene. This gene is a part of the TYRO3/AXL/MER receptor kinase group and encodes a transmembrane protein with two fibronectin type-III domains, two Ig-like C2-type (immunoglobulin-like) sites, and one tyrosine kinase site. Mutations in this gene have been correlated with interruption of the retinal pigment epithelium phagocytosis process and commencement of autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa.

A human infecting coronavirus (viral pneumonia) called 2019 novel coronavirus, 2019-nCoV was found in the fish market at the city of Wuhan, Hubei province of China on December 2019.

The 2019-nCoV shares an 87% identity to the 2 bat-derived severe acute respiratory syndrome 2018 SARS-CoV-2 located in Zhoushan of eastern China. 2019-nCoV has an analogous receptor-BD-structure to that of 2018 SARS-CoV, even though there is a.a. diversity so thus the 2019-nCoV might bind to ACE2 receptor protein (angiotensin-converting enzyme 2) in humans.

While bats are possibly the host of 2019-nCoV, researchers suspect that animal from the ocean sold at the seafood market was an intermediate host. RSCU analysis proposes that the 2019-nCoV is a recombinant within the viral spike glycoprotein between the bat coronavirus and an unknown coronavirus.

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the glial cell line-derived neurotophic factor (GDNF) family of ligands which are a group of ligands within the TGF-beta superfamily of signaling molecules. GDNFs are unique in having neurotrophic properties and have potential use for gene therapy in neurodegenrative disease. Artemin has been shown in culture to support the survival of a number of periferal neuron populations and at least one population of dopaminergic CNS neurons. Its role in the PNS and CNS is further substantiated by its expression pattern in the proximity of these neurons. This protein is a ligand for the RET receptor and uses GFR-alpha 3 as a coreceptor. Four alternatively spliced transcripts have been described, two of which encode the same protein.

Adenosine Deaminase (ADA), also recognized as ADAT2 is an enzyme that takes part in purine metabolism. ADAT2 is necessary for the breakdown of adenosine from food and for the turnover of nucleic acids in tissues. ADAT2 is involved in the deamination of adenosine-34 to inosine in numerous tRNAs. ADAT2 is part of the cytidine and deoxycytidylate deaminase protein family, ADAT2 employs zinc as a cofactor. ADAT2 is a 191 amino acid enzyme that exists as two isoforms formed by alternative splicing events.