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S100A12 belongs to the S100 family of proteins containing 2 EF-hand calcium-binding motifs. S100 family members are localized in the cytoplasm and/or nucleus of a wide range of cells, and are involved in the regulation of a number of cellular processes such as cell cycle progression and differentiation. S100A12 may be involved in specific calcium-dependent signal transduction pathways and its regulatory effect on cytoskeletal components may modulate various neutrophil activities.

ARL4A is related Specifically to ARL6 and ARL7 and belongs to the ARF-like protein (ARL) subfamily of small GTPases. However, unlike ARFs, ARL4 does not activate the cholera toxin ADP-ribosyltranferase. ARL4A takes part in neurogenesis during embryonic development and somitogenesis in the early stages of adult spermatogenesis.

STK17A belongs to the DAP kinase-associated apoptosis-inducing protein kinase family and encodes an autophosphorylated nuclear protein with a protein kinase domain. STK17A acts as a positive regulator of apoptosis. STK17A is greatly expressed in the placenta with lower levels in the heart, lung, skeletal muscle, kidney and pancreas.

Phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase 2 mitochondrial (FARS2) is a member of the class II aminoacyl- tRNA synthetase family. FARS2 is a mitochondrial matrix protein. FARS2 when acting as a monomer, catalyzes the ATP-dependent conversion of L-phenylalanine and tRNA (Phe) to L-phenlalanyltRNA (Phe), an event which is vital for proper translation and protein expression.

Junctional Adhesion Molecule 2 (JAM2) is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily, and the junctional adhesion molecule (JAM) family. JAM2 is a type I membrane protein which is localized at the tight junctions of both epithelial and endothelial cells. JAM2 functions as an adhesive ligand for interacting with various immune cell types, and may have a role in lymphocyte homing to secondary lymphoid organs.

GLUL catalyzes the synthesis of glutamine from glutamate and ammonia. Glutamine is a major source of energy and that takes part in cell proliferation, inhibition of apoptosis, and cell signaling. GLUL is expressed during early fetal stages, and has a role in maintaining body pH by removing ammonia from circulation. Mutations in GLUL gene are related with congenital glutamine deficiency.

PSMB5 belongs to the proteasome B-type family that has a 20S core beta subunit in the proteasome. This catalytic subunit is not present in the immunoproteasome and is substituted by catalytic subunit 3i (proteasome beta 8 subunit). A fundamental function of a modified proteasome, the immunoproteasome, is the processing of class I MHC peptides. PSMB5 exhibits an ATP dependent proteolytic activity and is involved in an ATP/ubiquitin dependent non lysosomal proteolytic pathway.

Tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase (YARS) is a member of the class I tRNA synthetase family. YARS is a vital enzyme which catalyzes the aminoacylation of tRNATrp with tryptophan, a critical function of the cell’s protein synthesis machinery. Expression of YARS is highly stimulated in human cells by the addition of IFN-gamma.

Myoglobin is a member of the globin superfamily and exists in skeletal and cardiac muscles. Myoglobin is a haemoprotein that contributs to intracellular oxygen storage and transcellular facilitated diffusion of oxygen. Myoglobin is frequently referred to as having an "instant binding tenacity" to oxygen given its hyperbolic oxygen dissociation curve. Different organisms are able to hold their breaths longer due to high concentrations of myoglobin in their muscle cells. Myoglobin is responsible for the pigments that make meat red. The color of the meat is partly determined by the charge of the iron atom in myoglobin and the oxygen attached to it. Myoglobin is found in Type I muscle, Type II A and Type II B, but it is mostly deemed that myoglobin is not found in smooth muscle.

Human coronavirus 229E is a single-stranded, positive-sense, RNA virus species in the Alphacoronavirus genus of the subfamily Coronavirinae, in the family Coronaviridae, of the order Nidovirales. There are four globally distributed known human coronaviruses - HCoV-229E, HCoV-HKU1, HC0V-NL63 and HCoV-OC43, which are found in different locations around the world at different times of the year. Coronavirus 229E and Human coronavirus OC43 are known to be the cause for the common cold. HCoV-229E is related to large range of respiratory symptoms, from the common cold to high-morbidity diseases such as pneumonia and bronchiolitis. Additionally, between the Coronaviruses, HCoV-229E is the most frequently co-detected with other respiratory viruses, mainly with HRSV (Human respiratory syncytial virus).

Btc is a potent mitogen for retinal pigment epithelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells. The effects of betacellulin are probably mediated by the egf receptor and other related receptors.

ALDH1A1 is part of the aldehyde dehydrogenases family.
Aldehyde dehydrogenase is the 2nd protein of the main oxidative pathway of alcohol metabolism. Cytosolic and mitochondrial are 2 main liver isoforms of ALDH that are differentiateed by their electrophoretic mobility, kinetic property, & subcellular localization. The majority of Caucasians have two main isozymes, whereas just about 50% of Orientals have only the cytosolic form, excluding the mitochondrial form. ALDH1A1 is also a member of the group of corneal crystallins that assist the transparency of the cornea.
(Retinal + NAD+ + H2O = retinoate + NADH).

Basic fibroblast growth factor is a member of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family. FGF family members possess broad mitogenic and cell survival activities, and are involved in a variety of biological processes, including embryonic development, cell growth, morphogenesis, tissue repair, tumor growth and invasion. This protein functions as a modifier of endothelial cell migration and proliferation, as well as an angiogenic factor. It acts as a mitogen for a variety of mesoderm- and neuroectoderm-derived cells in vitro, thus is thought to be involved in organogenesis. Three alternatively spliced variants encoding different isoforms have been described. The heparin-binding growth factors are angiogenic agents in vivo and are potent mitogens for a variety of cell types in vitro. There are differences in the tissue distribution and concentration of these 2 growth factors.

ACAA1 is part of the thiolase family of enzymes and is takes part in lipid metabolism. ACAA1 enzyme is localized to the peroxisome and catalyzes the conversion of acyl-CoA and acetyl-CoA to 3-oxoacyl-CoA in the fatty acid oxidation pathway. ACAA1 shows high enzymatic activity in liver, kidney, intestine and white adipose tissue in rats. ACAA1 deficiency causes pseudo-Zellweger syndrome.

MICB (MHC class I chain-related gene B) is a transmembrane glycoprotein that functions as a ligand for human NKG2D type II receptor. A closely related protein, MICA, shares 85% amino acid identity with MICB. These 2 proteins are distantly related to the MHC class I proteins. MICA and MICB (MICA/B) possess three extracellular immunoglobulin-like domains, but have no capacity to bind peptide or interact with ?2-microglobulin. The genes encoding MICA/B are found within the major histocompatibility complex on human chromosome 6. The MICB locus is polymorphic with more than 15 recognized human alleles. MICA/B are minimally expressed on normal cells, but are frequently expressed on epithelial tumors and can be induced by bacterial and viral infections. MICA/B are ligands for NKG2D, an activating receptor expressed on NK cells, NKT cells, ?? T cells, and CD8+ ?? T cells. Recognition of MICA/B by NKG2D results in the activation of cytolytic activity and/or cytokine production by these effector cells. MICA/B recognition is involved in tumor surveillance, viral infections, and autoimmune diseases. The release of soluble forms of MICA/B from tumors down-regulates NKG2D surface expression on effector cells resulting in the impairment of anti-tumor immune response.

The cytokine Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) has been identified to be secreted by the pituitary gland and the monocyte/macrophage and to play an important role in endotoxic shock. MIF has the unique property of being released from macrophages and T cells in response to physiological concentrations of glucocorticoids. The secretion of MIF is tightly regulated and decreases at high, anti-inflammatory steroid concentration.

Methionine sulfoxide reductase B (MsrB) from Escherichia coli is a member of the msrB Met sulfoxide reductase family. The E.coli msrB carries out the reduction of methionine-R-sulfoxide to methionine. msrB possess a metal binding site composed of 2 CXXC motifs. The bound metal (zinc or iron) may stabilize the conformation of the enzymes.

Aldolase C Fructose-Bisphosphate (ALDOC) belongs to the class I fructose-bisphosphate aldolase family. ALDOC is a glycolytic enzyme which catalyzes the reversible aldol cleavage of fructose-1,6-biphosphate and fructose 1-phosphate to dihydroxyacetone phosphate and either glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate or glyceraldehydes respectively. ALDOC is expressed exclusively in the hippocampus and Purkinje cells of the brain.

SERPINA1 is secreted and is a serine protease inhibitor which its targets include elastase, plasmin, collagenase, thrombin, leucocytic proteases, trypsin, chymotrypsin, and plasminogen activator. Defects in SERPINA1 gene can cause emphysema or liver disease. Antral SERPINA1 expression is particularly induced by H. pylori infection. lung and prostate cancers have shown a significant increase in SERPINA1 serum levels compared with healthy controls though breast cancers did not show a significant change. SERPINA1 is an endogenous inhibitor of serine proteases and inhibits the catalytic domain of human recombinant matriptase in vitro. Rise in SERPINA1 occurs as an acute phase response to tissue necrosis and inflammation. mutations in SERPINA1 and SLC11A1 genes change the balance between elastase produced by leukocytes during phagocytosis.

The transcription of heat-shock genes is rapidly induced after temperature stress in response to environmental changes, and it is also involved in oogenesis, spermatogenesis, and placental development. Hsp90, is a major repressor of HSF1 gene. HSF1 is known for its participation in heat shock response. HSF1 protein regulates the transcription of hundreds of targets, such as genes involved in protein folding, detoxification, energy generation, carbohydrate metabolism, and cell wall organization.
HSF1 binds to MTA1 in vitro & in breast carcinoma. Suppression of estrogen-dependent transcription may contribute to role of HSF1 in cancer.
Human cancer lines of diverse origins express higher dependence on HSF1 function to maintain proliferation and survival than their non-transformed counterparts.
HSF1 induces anticoagulation and relaxation factors in vascular endothelial cells and could therefore be used to treat cardiovascular disease. HSF1 is directly involved in the regulation of HO1 having an anti-oxidative role.
NF-kappaB and HSF1 are systemically activated in human acute pancreatitis.
HSF1 activation protects against severity of pancreatitis.
HSF is a vital transcription factor which plays a role in up-regulation of VDUP1 expression through stresses such as elevated density and serum deprivation cultures.

Recombinant Human Sonic Hedgehog is part of a small group of secreted proteins that are vital for development in both vertebrates and invertebrates. 3 mammalian hedgehog genes (sonic, desert, Indian) share about 60% homology. The Human Sonic Hedgehog is 99% homologous to the mouse gene. Sonic HedgeHog is a protein that is vital in guding the early embryo. It has been associated as the major inductive signal in patterning of the ventral neural tube, the anterior-posterior limb axis, and the ventral somites. Sonic HedgeHog binds to the patched receptor, which functions in association with smoothened, to activate the transcription of target genes. In the absence of sonic HedgeHog, patched receptor represses the constitutive signaling activity of smoothened. Sonic HedgeHog also regulates another factor, the gli oncogene. Sonic HedgeHog intercellular signal is essential for a various patterning events during development: signal produced by the notochord that induces ventral cell fate in the neural tube and somites, and the polarizing signal for patterning of the anterior-posterior axis of the developing limb bud. Sonic HedgeHog exhibits both floor plate- and motor neuron-inducing activity. Mutations in a long-range Sonic HedgeHog enhancer located in an intron of the limb region 1 gene result in preaxial polydactyly.

Histidine NADH Dehydrogenase Fe-S Protein 5 (NDUFS5) belongs to the NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) iron-sulfur protein family. NDUFS5 is a subunit of the mitochondrial membrane respiratory chain NADH dehydrogenase (Complex I), which doesn’t take part in catalysis. Complex I is transferring the electrons from NADH to the respiratory chain.

Homeobox protein SIX1 (SIX1) belongs to the SIX gene family. SIX1 is characterized by a divergent DNA-binding homeodomain and an upstream SIX domain, which is involved both in determining DNA-binding specificity and in mediating protein-protein interactions. SIX1 has a role in vertebrate and insect development or in the maintenance of the differentiated state of tissues.