Search results

Sperm Associated Antigen 7 (SPAG7) is comprised of 1 R3H domain. SPAG7 is detected in fetal brain and localized in the nucleus.

Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinase Beta-1 Isoform A or RPS6KB1 is type of serine/threonine kinas. The protein effects on the PIP3 and phosphoinositide-dependent kinase-1 as part of the PI3 kinase pathway. Protein synthesis is induced by Phosphorylation of S6 in the ribosome. It was shown that phosphorylation of p70S6K at threonine 389 acts as mTOR activation indication and corresponded along with the inhibition of autophagy in different cases, nonetheless new studies has shown that the p70S6K activity has a constructive and increasing affect of autophagy.

Ribosomal Protein L5, also known as RPL5 is a part of the ribosomal protein L18P family. RPL5 which binds 5S RNA is necessary for rRNA maturation and structure of the 60S ribosomal subunits.

Modulator of apoptosis 1 (MOAP1), is a member of the PNMA family and contains one BH3-like domain and one RASSF1-binding domain. MOAP1 was recognized by its interaction with apoptosis regulator BAX protein. MOAP1 includes a Bcl-2 homology 3 (BH3)-like motif, which is essential for the association with BAX. In addition, once over expressed MOAP1 mediates caspase-dependent apoptosis.

Vascular endothelial growth factor is an important signaling protein involved in both angiogenesis and vasculogenesis.VEGF activity has been mostly studied on cells of the vascular endothelium, although it does have effects on a number of other cell types (e.g. stimulation monocyte/macrophage migration, neurons, cancer cells, kidney epithelial cells ).VEGF mediates increased vascular permeability, induces angiogenesis, vasculogenesis and endothelial cell growth, promotes cell migration, and inhibits apoptosis. In vitro, VEGF has been shown to stimulate endothelial cell mitogenesis and cell migration. VEGF is also a vasodilator and increases microvascular permeability and was originally referred to as vascular permeability factor.
Elevated levels of VEGF is linked to POEMS syndrome, also known as Crow-Fukase syndrome. Mutations in VEGF have been associated with proliferative and nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy.

Signal-Regulatory Protein Alpha, SIRPA belongs to the signal-regulatory-protein (SIRP) family, as well as the immunoglobulin super family. The members of the SIRP family are receptor-type transmembrane glycoproteins which are involved in the negative regulation of receptor tyrosine kinase-coupled signaling processes.
SIRPA can be phosphorylated by tyrosine kinases. The phospho-tyrosine residues of this PTP have been shown to recruit SH2 domain containing tyrosine phosphatases (PTP), and perform as substrates of PTPs. SIRPA take part in signal transduction mediated by a variety of growth factor receptors. CD47 has been shown to be a ligand for SIRPA.

A 16-kDa peptide hormone secreted from white adipocytes and implicated in the regulation of food intake and energy balance. Leptin provides the key afferent signal from fat cells in the feedback system that controls body fat stores.

COP9 Signalosome Subunit 7A (COPS7A) is a component of the COP9 signalosome complex (CSN), a complex involved in a variety of cellular and developmental processes. The CSN complex is a vital regulator of the ubiquitin (Ubl) conjugation pathway by mediating the deneddylation of the cullin subunits of SCF-type E3 ligase complexes, thus leading to decrease in the Ubl ligase activity of SCF-type complexes such as SCF, CSA or DDB2. This complex is also involved in phosphorylation of p53/TP53, JUN, I-kappa-B-alpha/NFKBIA, ITPK1 and IRF8/ICSBP, probably through its association with CK2 and PKD kinases. CSN-dependent phosphorylation of TP53 and JUN stimulates and protects degradation by the Ubl system, respectively.

FKBPL is related to the immunophilin protein family, which take part in immunoregulation and regular cellular processes involving protein folding and trafficking. FKBPL has an important function in the induced radioresistance and participates in the control of the cell cycle. FKBPL has a role in cellular response to stress. FKBPL interacts with Hsp90, glucocorticoid receptor and dynamitin and is involved in signalling, like other FKBPs.

Myosin light polypeptide 6 (MYL6) is a hexameric ATPase cellular motor protein. MYL6 is composed of 2 heavy chains, 2 nonphosphorylatable alkali light chains, and 2o phosphorylatable regulatory light chains. MYL6 is a myosin alkali light chain which is expressed in smooth muscle and non-muscle tissues. MYL6 partakes in generating the force for cellular movements, thus having an imperative role in overall cellular function.

USP46 is a part of a large family of cysteine proteases that function as deubiquitinating enzymes which interacts with WDR48 to have a high activity. USP46 operates by mediating the deubiquitination of GAD1/GAD67.

Excess adiposity is the most important risk in the development of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Adipose tissue produces several proteins (adipocytokines) such as leptin, adiponectin, resistin, tumor necrosis factor-?, and IL-6, that modulate insulin sensitivity and appear to play an important role in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance, diabetes, dyslipidemia, inflammation, and atherosclerosis. However, the mechanisms by which fat tissue induces insulin resistance and the role of adipocytokines in the pathogenesis of T2DM have not been well established.
Visfatin, also known as pre-B cell colony-enhancing factor (PBEF), is a cytokine that is highly expressed in visceral fat and was originally isolated as a secreted factor that synergizes with IL-7 and stem cell factors to promote the growth of B cell precursors. Visfatin homologs have been identified in carp, invertebrate mollusks, and bacteria, as well as in vertebrates, including humans and the mouse. It has been postulated to play a role in innate immunity.
Visfatin exerts insulin-mimetic effects that are dose-dependent and quantitatively similar to those of insulin in stimulating muscle and adipocyte glucose transport, and in inhibiting hepatocyte glucose production. Intravenous injection of recombinant visfatin in mice decreased plasma glucose in a dose-dependent fashion. In keeping with its insulin-mimetic effects, visfatin was as effective as insulin in reducing hyperglycemia in insulin-deficient diabetic mice. Visfatin was also found to be bound to and activate insulin receptor, causing receptor phosphorylation and the activation of downstream signaling molecules. However, visfatin and insulin did not compete for binding to the insulin receptor, indicating that the two proteins were recognized by different regions of the receptor. Thus, visfatin might play a role in glucose homeostasis and dysregulation in biosynthesis or signal transduction, and might contribute to the pathogenesis of diabetes.

Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 6 (CCL6) is a small cytokine belonging to the CC chemokine family that has only been identified in rodents.
In mice, CCL6 is expressed in cells from neutrophil and macrophage lineages, and can be greatly induced under conditions suitable for myeloid cell differentiation. It is highly expressed in bone marrow cultures that have been stimulated with the cytokine GM-CSF. Some low levels of gene expression also occur in certain cell lines of myeloid origin (e.g. the immature myeloid cell lines DA3 and 32D cl3, and the macrophage cell line P388D) that can also be greatly induced in culture with GM-CSF. However, in activated T cell lines, expression of CCL6 is greatly reduced. CCL6 can also be induced in the mouse lung by the cytokine interleukin 13. Mouse CCL6 is located on chromosome 11. The cell surface receptor for CCL6 is believed to be the chemokine receptor CCR1.

Native human C4 is aglycosylated polypeptide containing 3 disulfide-linked chains. C4 is essential to the activation of both thelectin and the classical pathways of complement activation.Initiation of each pathway generates proteolytic enzyme complexes which are bound to the target surface. These enzymes cleave a peptide bond in C4 releasing the anaphylatoxin C4a and activating C4b. Like C3, the thioester of metastable C4b is highly reactive and is capable of reacting and covalently coupling C4b to amino or hydroxyl groups on the target surface. C4A and C4B are 2 variants of C4 that are common in manwhereas, in animals who have only 1 type usually have C4B.

Snail homolog 1 (SNAI1) is involved in induction of the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), formation and maintenance of embryonic mesoderm, growth arrest, survival and cell migration. SNAI1 binds to 3 E-boxes of the E-cadherin gene promoter and represses its transcription. The nuclear protein encoded by SNAI1 is structurally identical to the Drosophila snail protein, and is considered as well to be vital for mesoderm formation in the developing embryo. At least two variants of a similar processed pseudogene have been found on chromosome 2. Among the diseases associated with SNAI1 are waardenburg syndrome type iid, and inappropriate adh syndrome.

GID Complex Subunit 8, also known as GID8 is a member of the GID8 family. GID8 was recognized through a two hybrid-associated protein screen with RanBPM. GID8 acts together with RanBP9 and includes a protein complex with RanBPM and Muskelin.

Suppressor of IKBKE 1 also known as SIKE1 belongs to the SIKE family. SIKE interacts with IKK-epsilon and TBK1 and function as a suppressor of TLR3. In addition, SIKE1 perform by disrupting the interactions of IKBKE or TBK1 with TICAM1/TRIF, IRF3 andDDX58/RIG-I. SIKE1 does not inhibit NF-kappa-B activation pathways.

Complement Factor B, also known as CFB, encodes complement factor B which is a component of the alternative pathway of complement activation. Factor B circulates in the blood as a single chain polypeptide. Once the alternative pathway is activated it is cleaved by complement factor D yielding the noncatalytic chain Ba and the catalytic subunit Bb. The active subunit Bb is a serine protease which connects with C3b to form the alternative pathway C3 convertase. Also, Bb is involved in the proliferation of preactivated B lymphocytes, while Ba inhibits their proliferation.

Septin-3, also known as SEPT3 is a member of the septin family of GTPases. Members of this family are essential for cytokinesis. Furthermore, expression is up regulated by retinoic acid in a human teratocarcinoma cell line. The exact role of SEPT3 has not been determined yet. In addition, among its related pathways are Bacterial invasion of epithelial cells.

BSND is a vital beta subunit for CLC chloride channels. These heteromeric channels are restricted to basolateral membranes of renal tubules and of potassium-secreting epithelia of the inner ear. BSND gene mutations are linked with Bartter syndrome with sensorineural deafness.

CAMK4 is a member of the serine/threonine protein kinase family, and of the Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase subfamily. CAMK4 is a multifunctional serine/threonine protein kinase with restricted tissue distribution which is associated to transcriptional regulation in lymphocytes, neurons and male germ cells.

Tropomyosin alpha-3 chain (TPM3) belongs to the tropomyosin family of actin-binding proteins involved in the contractile system of striated and smooth muscles and the cytoskeleton of non-muscle cells. Tropomyosins are dimers of coiled-coil proteins which polymerize end-to-end along the major groove in most actin filaments. Tropomyosins give stability to the filaments and regulate access of other actin-binding proteins. In muscle cells, tropomyosins regulate muscle contraction by controlling the binding of myosin heads to the actin filament. Mutations in the TPM3 gene cause autosomal dominant nemaline myopathy, and oncogenes formed by chromosomal translocations involving this locus are linked with cancer.

The bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are a family of secreted signaling molecules that can induce ectopic bone growth. Many BMPs are part of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGFB) superfamily. BMPs were originally identified by an ability of demineralized bone extract to induce endochondral osteogenesis in vivo in an extraskeletal site. Based on its expression early in embryogenesis, the BMP encoded by this gene has a proposed role in early development. In addition, the fact that this BMP is closely related to BMP5 and BMP7 has lead to speculation of possible bone inductive activity.