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DPY30 is implicated in the methylation of histone H3 at Lys-4, mainly trimethylation. Histone H3 Lys-4 methylation symbolize a specific tag for epigenetic transcriptional activation. DPY30 takes part in histone H3 acetylation. In a teratocarcinoma cell, DPY30 plays a criticalrole in retinoic acid-induced differentiation along the neural lineage, regulating gene induction and H3 Lys-4 methylation at key developmental loci. DPY30 also plays an indirect or direct part in endosomal transport.

ATP synthase subunit O (ATP5O) localizes to the mitochondria and catalyzes ATP synthesis. ATP5O is a component of the F-type ATPase found in the mitochondrial matrix. F-type ATPases are composed of a catalytic core and a membrane proton channel. ATP5O seems to be part of the connector connecting these two components and may be involved in transmission of conformational changes or proton conductance.

Ephrin A5 (EFNA5) is a part of the ephrin ligand family which binds the members of ephrin receptor subfamily of tyrosine kinases and stimulates contact-dependent bidirectional signaling into neighboring cells. EFNA5 is mainly expressed in human adult brain, heart, spleen, and ovary and human fetal brain, lung, and kidney.

Ephrin-B3 (EFNB3) which belongs to the ephrin gene family is essential in brain development as well as in its maintenance. EFNB3 binds to, and induces the collapse of, commissural axons/growth cones in vitro. EFNB3 loosely binds Eph receptors located on bordering cells, leading to contact-dependent bidirectional signaling into neighboring cells. The EPH and EPH-related receptors comprise the largest subfamily of receptor protein-tyrosine kinases and are implicated in mediating developmental events, mostly in the nervous system.

EIF5A is the single protein identified to contain remarkable amino acid formed by the action of deoxyhypusine synthase and deoxyhypusine hydroxylase using spermidine as the substrate. EIF5A takes part in the first step of peptide bond formation in translation, nevertheless further experiments implicates it as a universally conserved translation elongation factor. Modulation of EIF5A is connected to proliferation and cancer. Expression of EIF-5A is upregulated in the PBMCs of HIV-1 patients. EIF5A coordinates significant cellular processes like cell viability and senescence during its effects on the stability of certain mRNAs. Heat stress-induced loss of EIF-5A in a human pancreatic cancer cell line. EIF5A stability takes part in determining the fate of the particular cell type after severe heat stress.

STMN1 takes part in the regulation of the microtubule filament structure by destabilizing microtubules. STMN1 promotes the disassembly of microtubules and prevents assembly. STMN1 is a ubiquitous cytosolic phosphoprotein which functions as an intracellular relay integrating regulatory signals of the cellular environment. Stathmin functions as an Oncoprotein in regulation of the cell cycle. Stathmin mutation results in uncontrolled cell proliferation. Stathmin expression associates with cervical carcinogenesis and tumor progression, thus Stathmin is an important prognostic marker in cervical carcinoma. STMN1, takes part in the prevenative progression of ER-positive primary in breast cancer. Somatic mutation in STMN1 effects cell homeostasis that leads to tumorigenicity.

Small Ubiquitin-like Modifiers (SUMOs) are a family of small, related proteins that can be enzymatically attached to a target protein by a post-translational modification process termed sumoylation. Unlike ubiquitination, which targets proteins for degradation, sumoylation participates in a number of cellular processes, such as nuclear transport, transcriptional regulation, apoptosis, and protein stability. All SUMO proteins share the conserved ubiquitin domain and the C-terminal diglycine cleavage/attachment site. Human SUMO2, also known as Sentrin2 and SMT3B is synthesized as a 95 amino acid (aa), 11 kDa propeptide that contains a two aa C-terminal prosegment, and an 18 aa N-terminal protein interacting region (aa 33 -50). Following prosegment cleavage, the C-terminal glycine is enzymatically attached to a lysine on a target protein. Human SUMO2 shares 100% sequence identity to SUMO-2 from mouse. SUMO2 also has very high sequence homology to SUMO3 and SUMO4, 86 % and 85%, respectively. SUMO2 shares only 44% sequence identity to SUMO1.

PCBD1 enzyme takes part in phenylalanine hydroxylation. PCBD1 deficiency results in hyperphenylalaninemia. PCBD1 enzyme controls the homodimerization of HNF1. PCBD1 takes part in tetrahydrobiopterin biosynthesis. PCBD1 prevents the formation of 7-pterins and accelerate the formation of quinonoid-BH2. PCBD1 is a coactivator for HNF1A-dependent transcription.

TAGLN3 holds a putative Actin-binding domain, two potential phosphorylation sites, two EF-hand motifs and a calponin-homology (CH) domain. TAGLN3 is homologic to transgelin and calponin, two cytoskeleton-interacting proteins. TAGLN3 is a member of the calponin family, and is co-localized with Actin and tubulin, which indicates that TAGLN3 has a part in neuronal plasticity or as a signaling protein. As a result of a wide-ranging expression pattern, TAGLN3 is able to take different roles in the developing and adult brain.

TBCEL, is a factor that is in charge of the microtubule cytoskeleton in determining cell behavior. TBCEL plays a role as a regulator of tubulin stability. While widely expressed in testis, TBCEL is also present in several tissues at a much lower level. TBCEL comprises of seven LRR (leucine-rich) repeats, one LRRCT domain and one ubiquitin-like domain. The gene that translates TBCEL consists of 66,704 bases and maps to human chromosome 11q23.3. Chromosome 11 houses over 1,400 genes and consist of nearly 4% of the human genome. Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome, Jacobsen syndrome, Niemann-Pick disease, hereditary angioedema and Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome are associated with defects in genes that map to chromosome 11.

C6ORF108 is stimulated by c-Myc protein that is a transcription factor that is involved in the regulation of cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. C6ORF108 functions in rat in cellular proliferation and c-Myc-mediated transformation. C6ORF108 catalyzes the cleavage of the N-glycosidic bond of deoxyribonucleoside 5''-monophosphates to yield deoxyribose 5-phosphate and a purine or pyrimidine base. Deoxyribonucleoside 5''-monophosphates comprising purine bases are favored to those comprising of pyrimidine bases.

PEX19 is vital for peroxisome biogenesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. PEX19 is limited to the outer surface of peroxisomes in liver cells and is has a part in the early stage of peroxisome membrane assembly, prior to the import of matrix protein.

Coiled-Coil Domain Containing 25 (CCDC25) is a 208 amino acid protein belonging to the CCDC25 family.

Thyroid Hormone Responsive (THRSP) is a member of the SPOT14 family. THRSP is similar to the gene product of S14, a rat gene whose expression is limited to liver and adipose tissue and is controlled by nutritional and hormonal factors. THRSP is expressed in liver and adipocytes, specifically in lipomatous modules. In addition It is expressed in lipogenic breast cancers, which suggests a role in controlling tumor lipid metabolism.

Frataxin is a mitochondrial iron binding protein that is part of the FRATAXIN family. Frataxin functions in regulating mitochondrial iron transport and respiration. The expansion of intronic trinucleotide repeat GAA results in Friedreich ataxia. Frataxin plays a role in iron homeostasis. Frataxin is an anti-apoptotic protein which prevents mitochondrial damage and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production.

Kallikreins are a subgroup of serine proteases having various physiological functions. Numerous kallikreins are involved in carcinogenesis. Kallikrein-11 (KLK11) which is a multifunctional protease is 1 of the 15 kallikrein subfamily members found in a cluster on chromosome 19. KLK11 cleaves synthetic peptides after arginine but not lysine residues.

KLK7 catalyzes the degradation of intercellular cohesive structures in the cornified layer of the skin in the continuous shedding of cells from the skin surface. Specific for amino acid residues with aromatic side chains in the P1 position. KLK7 is involved in the activation of precursors to inflammatory cytokines.

PPIL1 belongs to the cyclophilin family of peptidylprolyl isomerases (PPIases).
The cyclophilins are a well conserved, ubiquitous family, members of which take an significant part in protein folding, immunosuppression by cyclosporin A, and infection of HIV-1 virions. PPIL1 protein increases the folding of proteins and catalyze the cis-trans isomerization of proline imidic peptide bonds in oligopeptides. PPIL1 is involved in proliferation of cancer cells through modulation of phosphorylation of stathmin. PPIL1 is a novel molecular target for colon-cancer therapy.

E-cadherin (uvomorulin, cell-CAM120/80) is a calcium dependent cell adhesion molecule expressed predominately in epithelial tissues. It plays an important role in the growth and development of cells via the mechanisms of control of tissue architecture and the maintenance of tissue integrity. Numerous studies have demonstrated that reduction and/or loss of Ecadherin expression in carcinomas correlates positively with the potential of these tumors for invasion and metastasis.

Lxn also known as Latexin is a member of the protease inhibitor I47 (latexin) family. Lxn's function is hardly reversible, non-competitive, as well as potent inhibitor of CPA1, CPA2 and CPA4. Furthermore, Lxn plays a role in inflammation. Among the diseases associated with LXN are endocervicitis and listeriosis.

General Transcription Factor IIF Polypeptide 2 (GTF2F2) is a general transcription initiation factor which binds to RNA polymerase II and helps engage it in the initiation complex in collaboration with TFIIB. GTF2F2 promotes transcription elongation. GTF2F2 shows ATP-dependent DNA-helicase activity.

Excess adiposity is the most important risk in the development of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Adipose tissue produces several proteins (adipocytokines) such as leptin, adiponectin, resistin, tumor necrosis factor-?, and IL-6, that modulate insulin sensitivity and appear to play an important role in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance, diabetes, dyslipidemia, inflammation, and atherosclerosis. However, the mechanisms by which fat tissue induces insulin resistance and the role of adipocytokines in the pathogenesis of T2DM have not been well established. Visfatin, also known as pre-B cell colony-enhancing factor (PBEF), is a cytokine that is highly expressed in visceral fat and was originally isolated as a secreted factor that synergizes with IL-7 and stem cell factors to promote the growth of B cell precursors. Visfatin homologs have been identified in carp, invertebrate mollusks, and bacteria, as well as in vertebrates, including humans and the mouse. It has been postulated to play a role in innate immunity.
Visfatin exerts insulin-mimetic effects that are dose-dependent and quantitatively similar to those of insulin in stimulating muscle and adipocyte glucose transport, and in inhibiting hepatocyte glucose production. Intravenous injection of recombinant visfatin in mice decreased plasma glucose in a dose-dependent fashion. In keeping with its insulin-mimetic effects, visfatin was as effective as insulin in reducing hyperglycemia in insulin-deficient diabetic mice. Visfatin was also found to be bound to and activate insulin receptor, causing receptor phosphorylation and the activation of downstream signaling molecules. However, visfatin and insulin did not compete for binding to the insulin receptor, indicating that the two proteins were recognized by different regions of the receptor. Thus, visfatin might play a role in glucose homeostasis and dysregulation in biosynthesis or signal transduction, and might contribute to the pathogenesis of diabetes.

Recombinant Human X-Ray Repair Cross Complementing Protein 3, also referred to XRCC3, is a member of RecA family and RAD51 subfamily. The protein takes partin homologous recombination to maintain chromosome stability and repair DNA damage. XRCC3functionally complements Chinese hamster irs1SF, a repair-deficient mutant that shows hypersensitivity to a number of different DNA-damaging agents & chromosomally unstable.