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HSF2BP, also known as HSF2 binding protein links with HSF2. This interaction takes place between the trimerization domain of HSF2 and the amino terminal hydrophilic region of HSF2BP which contains two leucine zipper motifs. Therefore, HSF2BP is involved in modulating HSF2 activation.

Branched Chain Amino-Acid Transaminase 2 (BCAT2) is a member of the class-IV pyridoxal-phosphate-dependent aminotransferase family. BCAT2 is a branched chain aminotransferase found in mitochondria. BCAT2 forms a dimer which catalyzes the first step in the production of the branched chain amino acids leucine, isoleucine, and valine. In addition, BCAT2 may actn as a transporter of branched chain alpha-keto acids.

Chromosome 10 Open Reading Frame 54, also known as C10ORF54 is part of the immunoglobulin superfamily. Like a transmembrane molecule, C10ORF54 is expressed in the bone on embryonic stem cells (ESCs), and on tumor cell surface as well. Accordingly, C10ORF54 supports the differentiation of ESC and ehhances BMP4 induced signaling in ESC, however C10ORF54 is also down regulated following to BMP4 exposure.

The peroxisome proliferator activated receptors (PPARs) are ligandactivated transcription factors within the nuclear receptor superfamily, which play important roles in adipogenesis, glucose homeostasis andinflammation. Three different isotypes can be distinguished; alpha, beta and gamma. PPARg, is mainly expressed in adipose tissue and to lesser extent in colon, the immune system and the retina. Whereas PPARg operates in the catabolism of fatty acids in the liver, PPARg influences the storage of fatty acids in the adipose tissue and plays a role in adipocyte differentiation. PPARg binds to DNA as a heterodimer with retinoid X receptor (RXR), activating expression of target genes after binding ligand.

Eukaryotic Translation Elongation Factor 1 Gamma (EEF1G) takes part in anchoring the complex to additional cellular components. EEF1G is a multi-protein complex which is in charge of the delivery of aminoacyl-tRNAs to the ribosome. Over expression of EEF1G is linked with pancreatic cancer, due to the role of EEF1G protein in the oncogenic transformation process.

Complement C1q Tumor Necrosis Factor-Related Protein 5 (C1QTNF5) encodes a short-chain collagen which is expressed mainly in sub-retinal pigment epithelium, ciliary epithelium and adipose tissue. C1QTNF5 is increased in mtDNA-depleted myocytes and stimulates the phosphorylation of AMP activated protein kinase. C1QTNF5 takespart in the adhesion of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) to the Bruch Membrane. Mutations in C1QTNF5 have been associated with late-onset retinal degeneration.

Transferrin receptor protein 1 (TFRC) is required for iron delivery from transferring to cells. The TFRC protein is a transmembrane glycoprotein comprised of 2 disulfide-linked monomers joined by 2 disulfide bonds. Each monomer will bind one holo-transferrin molecule producing an iron-Tf-TfR complex which enters the cell by endocytosis.

CBX5 belongs to the heterochromatin protein family. CBX5 is enriched in the heterochromatin and linked with centromeres. CBX5 takes part in the creation of functional kinetochore by interaction with important kinetochore proteins. CBX5 has a pseudogene situated on chromosome 3. Additionaly, The CBX5 proteins reconnect with chromatin at the end of mitosis, as Histone H3 is dephosphorylated.

L-threonine to glycine degradation consists of a two-step biochemical pathway which involvs the enzymes L-threonine dehydrogenase and 2-amino-3-ketobutyrate coenzyme A ligase. L-Threonine is initially converted into 2-amino-3-ketobutyrate by L-threonine dehydrogenase. Glycine C-Acetyltransferase (GCAT) is the 2nd enzyme in this pathway, which subsequently catalyzes the reaction between 2-amino-3-ketobutyrate and coenzyme A to form glycine and acetyl-CoA. The GCAT enzyme is regard as a class II pyridoxal-phosphate-dependent aminotransferase. GCAT is strongly expressed in the heart, brain, liver and pancreas. GCAT is also found in lung.

CDC37 is an essential protein in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and is a molecular chaperone with precise function in cell signal transduction. CDC37 forms a complex/associates with Hsp90 molecular chaperone as one of several auxiliary proteins that are collectively referred to as Hsp90 co-chaperones. CDC37 also forms complex with a number of protein kinases such as CDK4, CDK6, SRC, RAF-1, MOK, as well as eIF2 alpha kinases. CDC34 is involved in directing Hsp90 to its target kinases. CDC37 up-regulation is a common early event in some localized human cancers. CDC37 is necessary for maintaining prostate tumor cell growth and represents a novel target in the exploration for multitargeted therapies. CDC37 plays a role in regulating Hsp90 ATPase activity. CDC37 binds to Akt and HSP90 in the signal transduction pathway in human tumor cells. Tnf-induced recruitment and activation of the IKK complex require Cdc37 and Hsp90. CDC37 and heat shock protein 90 bind specifically to the kinase domain of LKB1.

GSTM3 belongs to the glutathione s-transferase (GST) family of proteins. There are eight GST proteins families, named alpha, kappa, mu, omega, pi, sigma, theta and zeta. Each one of the GST families has several proteins with different functions throughout the cell. The mu type of enzymes takes part in the detoxification of electrophilic compounds, including therapeutic drugs, carcinogens, environmental toxins and products of oxidative stress, by conjugation with glutathione.

E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RNF181 (RNF181) accepts ubiquitin from an E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme in the thioester form and subsequently directly transfers the ubiquitin to targeted substrates. RNF181 is widely expressed, with the highest levels in the liver and heart and the lowest levels in the brain and skeletal muscle. RNF181 is also expressed in platelets (at protein level).

Ring Finger Protein 7, also known as RNF7, is an extremely conserved ring finger protein. RNF7 is a vital subunit of SKP1-cullin/CDC53-F box protein ubiquitin ligases that are a part of the protein degradation machinery important for cell cycle progression and signal transduction. RNF7 is a substrate of casein kinase II (CSNK2A1/CKII) and also interacts with it. The phosphorylation of RNF7 by CSNK2A1 promotes the degradation of IkappaBalpha (CHUK/IKK-alpha/IKBKA) and p27Kip1(CDKN1B).

Prolactin is a neuroendocrine hormone synthesized primarily by the pituitary gland but also a variety of other cell types including the placenta, brain and uterus. Its primary function is to promote and maintain lactation but has also been shown to have a role in breast cancer development, regulation of reproductive function and immunoregulation.

GH-releasing peptides (GHRPs) are synthetic peptides that like GHRH effect on pituitary somatotrophs to stimulate GH release. The GHRP4 is one of several synthetic met-enkephalin analogs that owns unnatural D-amino acids. They were developed for their growth hormone (GH) releasing activity and called GH secretatogues. They lack opioid activity but are potent stimulators of GH release. These secretatogues are distinct from the growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH or GHRF) as they share no sequence relation and derive their function through action at a completely different receptor, the ghrelin receptor.

The GAGA factor is a sequence-specific DNA-binding protein, which participates in the regulation of the expression of a variety of different classes of genes in Drosophila such as many developmentally regulated genes, stress induced genes, and cell cycle regulated genes, as well as housekeeping genes. GAGA contains a C-terminal glutamine-rich domain and a highly conserved N-terminal POZ domain which reported to be involved in self-oligomerization in a number of other POZ domain containing proteins. In case of GAGA protein, the N-terminal POZ domain mediates the formation of oligomers both in vitro and in vivo.

HCV is a small 50nm, enveloped, single-stranded, positive sense RNAvirus in the family Flaviviridae.
HCV has a high rate of replication with approximately one trillion particles produced each day in an infected individual. Due to lack of proofreading by the HCV RNA polymerase, the HCV has an exceptionally high mutation rate, a factor that may help it elude the host's immune response. Hepatitis C virus is classified into six genotypes(1-6) with several subtypes within each genotype. The preponderance and distribution of HCV genotypes varies globally. Genotype is clinically important in determining potential response to interferon-based therapy and the required duration of such therapy. Genotypes 1 and 4 are less responsive to interferon-based treatment than are the other genotypes (2, 3, 5 and 6).

SNF8 belongs to the SNF8 family of vacuolar sorting proteins and is restricts to both the nucleus and the cytoplasm. SNF8 is a subunit of the endosomal sorting complex essential for transport II (ESCRT-II), which is necessary for multivesicular body (MVB) formation and sorting of endosomal cargo proteins into MVBs. The MVB pathway facilitates transfer of transmembrane proteins into the lumen of the lysosome for degradation. Additionally, the ESCRT-II complex takes part in transcription regulation by contributing to derepression of transcription by RNA polymerase II, probably by its interface with ELL.

The bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are a family of secreted signaling molecules that can induce ectopic bone growth. Many BMPs are part of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGFB) superfamily. BMPs were originally identified by an ability of demineralized bone extract to induce endochondral osteogenesis in vivo in an extraskeletal site. Based on its expression early in embryogenesis, the BMP encoded by this gene has a proposed role in early development. In addition, the fact that this BMP is closely related to BMP5 and BMP7 has lead to speculation of possible bone inductive activity.

NS5A is a component of the replication complex which takes part in RNA-binding. NS5A protein’s hyperphosphorylated form is an inhibitor of viral replication. NS5A interacts with Human VAPB and through it targets the viral replication complex to vesicles. NS5A down-regulates viral IRES translation initiation and mediates interferon resistance by interacting and inhibiting human EIF2AK2/PKR. NS5a is also inhibits apoptosis by interacting with BIN1 and FKBP8.

Recombinant Galectin-13 is an E. coli expressed peptide, this protein is one of human placenta specific galectins, like all galectin family, it contains a carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD) as well. Increased blood concentration was found highly asscoaited with preeclampsia and HELLP syndrome in pregnant women. The molecular weight of galectin-13 is 16kDa.