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Methionine sulfoxide reductase A (MSRA) is a member of the MsrA Met sulfoxide reductase family. The MSRA enzyme has a vital function as a repair enzyme for proteins which have been inactivated by oxidation. MSRA catalyzes the reversible oxidation-reduction of methionine sulfoxide in proteins to methionine. The three substrates of the MSRA enzyme are peptide-L-methionine, thioredoxin disulfide, and H2O, while its 2 products are peptide-L-methionine (R)-S-oxide and thioredoxin. The MSRA protein is ubiquitous and extremely conserved. Human and animal studies have shown the ultimate levels of expression in kidney and nervous tissue.

ALDOB is a tetrameric glycolytic enzyme which catalyzes the reversible cleavage of fructose 1-phosphate into dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde. Fructose-bisphosphate aldolase B (ALDOB) is one of 3 known aldolase isoenzymes, and is located in the kidney and the small adult intestine where it is linked with aldolases A or C. ALDOB is regulated by Insulin and glucagon and is implicated in hereditary fructose intolerance disease.

Aldolase C Fructose-Bisphosphate (ALDOC) belongs to the class I fructose-bisphosphate aldolase family. ALDOC is a glycolytic enzyme which catalyzes the reversible aldol cleavage of fructose-1,6-biphosphate and fructose 1-phosphate to dihydroxyacetone phosphate and either glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate or glyceraldehydes respectively. ALDOC is expressed exclusively in the hippocampus and Purkinje cells of the brain.

HMGB3 is a member of the high mobility group (HMG) protein superfamily. HMGB3 holds DNA-binding HMG box domains, as do HMG1 and HMG2, and like the rest of the HMG protein superfamily members has a vital part in DNA replication, transcription and nucleosome assembly.

Aminomethyltransferase, mitochondrial isoform 1 (AMT) is a component of the glycine cleavage system termed T-protein. AMT reversibly catalyzes the degradation of the aminomethyl moiety of glycine attached to the lipoate cofactor of H-protein, leading to the production of ammonia, 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate, and dihydrolipoate-bearing H-protein in the presence of tetrahydrofolate.

DHPS is vital for the first step of hypusine biosynthesis. DHPS catalyzes the NAD-dependent transfer of the butylamine moiety of spermidine to the epsilon-amino group of a specific lysine residue of the EIF5A precursor protein to form the intermediate deoxyhypusine residue.

Apolipoprotein H (APOH) attaches to numerous kinds of negatively charged substances for instance heparin, phospholipids, and dextran sulfate. APOH prevents activation of the intrinsic blood coagulation cascade by attaching to phospholipids on the surface of damaged cells. APOH expressed by the liver and secreted in the plasma.

Thermosensitive Gluconokinase, also known as IDNK is a 187 a.a protein which is a member of the gluconokinase gntK/gntV family. IDNK catalyzes theconversion of ATP and D-gluconate to ADP and 6-phospho-D-gluconate. In addition, IDNK is considered to take part in gender determination, deletion of the distal portion of 9p is able to lead to a development of male to female sex reversal, the phenotype of a female with a male X, Y genotype.

ASPH hydroxylates an Asp or Asn residue in EGF domains. ASPH is involved in calcium homeostasis. ASPH is expressed from two promoters and goes through extensive alternative splicing. The encoded set of ASPH proteins share varying quantities of overlap near their N-termini although have considerable differences in their C-terminal domains resulting in distinct functional properties. The longest isoforms (a and f) include a C-terminal Aspartyl/Asparaginyl beta-hydroxylase domain that hydroxylates aspartic acid or asparagine residues in the EGF domain, including protein C, coagulation factors VII, IX, and X, and the complement factors C1R and C1S. Further isoforms diverge mainly in the C-terminal sequence and lack the hydroxylase domain, and some have been localized to the endoplasmic and sarcoplasmic reticulum.

NME4 is a member of the NDK family. NME4 are ubiquitous enzymes which catalyze transfer of gamma-phosphates, using a phosphohistidine intermediate, between nucleoside and dioxynucleoside tri- and diphosphates. The enzymes are products of the nm23 gene family that include NME4. NME4 has a key part in the synthesis of nucleoside triphosphates other than ATP.

EFNA3 belongs to the ephrin (EPH) family. The ephrins and EPH-related receptors include thelargest subfamily of receptor protein-tyrosine kinases which have been implicated in mediating developmental events, especially in the nervous system and in erythropoiesis. Ephrins are divided into the ephrin-A (EFNA) class and the ephrin-B (EFNB) class, based on their structures and sequence relationships. The Ephrins from the EFNA class are anchored to the membrane by aglycosylphosphatidylinositol linkage, while the others from the EFNB class are transmembrane proteins.

EFNA3 belongs to the ephrin (EPH) family. The ephrins and EPH-related receptors include thelargest subfamily of receptor protein-tyrosine kinases which have been implicated in mediating developmental events, especially in the nervous system and in erythropoiesis. Ephrins are divided into the ephrin-A (EFNA) class and the ephrin-B (EFNB) class, based on their structures and sequence relationships. The Ephrins from the EFNA class are anchored to the membrane by aglycosylphosphatidylinositol linkage, while the others from the EFNB class are transmembrane proteins.

IFN-gamma produced by lymphocytes activated by specific antigens / mitogens.
IFN-gamma, on top of having antiviral activity, has important immunoregulatory functions, it is a potent activator of macrophages, and has antiproliferative effects on transformed cells and it can potentiate the antiviral and antitumor effects of the type I interferons.

Endocrine gland-derived vascular endothelial growth factor (EG-VEGF) induces proliferation, migration, and fenestration in capillary endothelial cells derived from endocrine glands. Its expression is induced by hypoxia and is restricted to the steroidogenic glands (ovary, testis, adrenal, and placenta). Its expression is often complementary to the expression of VEGF (MIM 192240), suggesting that these molecules function in a coordinated manner. EG-VEGF potently contracts gastrointestinal (gi) smooth muscle. Induces proliferation, migration and fenestration (the formation of membrane discontinuities) in capillary endothelial cells derived from endocrine glands. Has little or no effect on a variety of other endothelial and non-endothelial cell types.

Batroxobin is a serin protease that reduces fibronogen levels and is originally extracted from snake venom of Bothrops Atrox. Batroxobin is used in defibrinogenation and thrombolysis and also has an effect on c-fos gene and growth factor.
Batroxobin can efficiently restrain proliferation of VSMCs, by blocking the release and uptake of Ca2+, thus influencing [Ca2+]i.
Batroxobin converts fibrinogen to fibrin through the restricted release of fibrinopeptide-A from fibrinogen to promote blood to clot. Unlike thrombin, it is not affected by heparin and hirudin.

Trypsin inhibitor SPINK1 is secreted from pancreatic acinar cells into pancreatic fluid. SPINK1 has a role in inhibition of trypsin-catalyzed premature initiation of zymogens in the pancreas and the pancreatic duct. Alterations in SPINK1 gene are the cause for tropical calcific and pancreatitis hereditary pancreatitis.

EIF4EBP1 (eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1) belongs to a family of translation repressor proteins. EIF4EBP1 regulates eIF4E (eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E) activity by preventing its assembly into the eIF4F complex and mediates the regulation of protein translation by hormones, growth factors and other stimuli that signal through the MAP kinase and mTORC1 pathways. EIF4EBP1 is phosphorylated in response to various signals including UV irradiation, resulting in its dissociation from eIF4E and activation of mRNA translation. EIF4EBP1 C-terminus has domains which control function and phosphorylation. EIF4EBP1 has a role in progression of breast neoplasms through cell signaling.

EMC2 is an element of the ER membrane protein complex. EMC2 is a member of the EMC2 family and holds 3 TPR repeats.

ENSA is an endogenous ligand for sulfonylurea receptor. ENSA reduces K(ATP) channel currents by inhibiting sulfonylurea from binding to the receptor and thus stimulates insulin secretion. Endosulfine Alpha is part of a conserved cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein (ARPP) family. Endosulfine Alpha is an endogenous ligand for the sulfonylurea receptor, ABCC8/SUR1. Endosulfine Alpha is an endogenous regulator of KATP channels. ENSA modulates insulin secretion through the interaction with KATP channel. ENSA is a candidate gene for type 2 diabetes. ENSA is expressed in a wide range of tissues including muscle, brain, and endocrine tissues.

Eotaxin-2, also called MPIF2 & Ckb6, is a novel CC chemokine produced by activated monocytes and T lymphocytes. Eotaxin-2 selectively chemoattracts cells expressing CCR3 including eosinophils, basophils, Th2 T cells, mast cells, and certain subsets of dendritic cells. Furthermore, Eotaxin-2 inhibits the proliferation of multipotential hematopoietic progenitor cells. The mature protein, which includes C-terminal truncation, contains 78 amino acids (92 amino acids for the mouse homolog, without C-terminal truncation).
CCL24 functions as a chemotactic chemokine for resting t-lymphocytes, and eosinophils. CCL24 has lower chemotactic activity for neutrophils but none for monocytes and activated lymphocytes. CCL24 is a strong suppressor of colony formation by a multipotential hematopoietic progenitor cell line and binds to CCR3.

Syntaxin-11 (STX11) belongs to the t-SNARE family. Syntaxin-11 regulates protein transport between late endosomes and the trans-Golgi network. STX11 interacts with the SNARE proteins SNAP-23 and VAMP. STX11 gene mutations are linked with familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis.

Fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase domain-containing protein 1 (FAHD1) is a member of the FAH family. FAHD1 is considered to have hydrolase activity and it uses Magnesium and Calcium as cofactors. It seems quite likely that the metal binding sites are involved in an enzymatic activity connected to the catabolism of aromatic amino acids.

FARSB, also known as Phenylalanyl-TRNA Synthetase Beta is a member of the phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase beta subunit family. FARSB is composed tetramer of two alpha and two beta subunits. In the presence of ATP, this tetramer is accountable for attaching L-phenylalanine to the terminal adenosine of the appropriate tRNA.

PECI is an enzyme that localized to the peroxisomal matrix and encloses one ACB (acyl-CoA-binding) domain. PECI is expressed abundantly in liver, heart and skeletal muscle. PECI functions to catalyze the isomerization of both 3-cis and 3-trans double bonds into the 2-trans form in an array of enoyl-CoA species. PECI takes part in the beta-oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids.