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DIRAS1 is a member of a distinct branch of the functionally diverse Ras superfamily of monomeric GTPases. DIRAS1 demonstrates low GTPase activity and exists mainly in the GTP-bound form. Ras proteins operate as binary molecular switches that control intracellular signaling networks. Ras-regulated signal pathways regulate such processes as actin cytoskeletal integrity, proliferation, differentiation, cell adhesion, apoptosis, and cell migration. Ras and ras-related proteins are frequently deregulated in cancers, leading to increased invasion and metastasis, and decreased apoptosis.

COL4A3BP is a kinase that particularly phosphorylates the N-terminal region of the non-collagenous domain of the alpha 3 chain of type IV collagen, recognized as the Goodpasture antigen that is the outcome of an autoimmune reaction directed at COL4A3BP. One isoform of COL4A3BP participates in ceramide intracellular transport.

SNRPE facilitates the cytoplasmic construction of the UsnRNPs by binding to a conserved Sm site on UsnRNA and forming a stable snRNP core complex. While a core protein to UsnRNP, the SNRPE connects with the entire U family of snRNAs including U1–U6. In addition, SNRPE interacts with DDX20 and Small nuclear ribonucleoprotein polypeptide F.

SNRPB is one of several nuclear proteins which are found in common among U1, U2, U4/U6, and U5 small ribonucleoprotein particles (snRNPs). These snRNPs are involved in pre-mRNA splicing, and the SNRPB protein may also have a role in pre-mRNA splicing or snRNP structure. SNRPB binds to the downstream cleavage product (DCP) of histone pre-mRNA in a U7 snRNP dependent manner. SNRPB functions in the U7 snRNP complex which is involved in histone 3'-end processing.

Epidermal growth factor has a profound effect on the differentiation of specific cells in vivo and is a potent mitogenic factor for a variety of cultured cells of both ectodermal and mesodermal origin. The EGF precursor is believed to exist as a membrane-bound molecule which is proteolytically cleaved to generate the 53-amino acid peptide hormone that stimulates cells to divide.
EGF stimulates the growth of various epidermal and epithelial tissues in vivo and in vitro and of some fibroblasts in cell culture.

TBCB is a member of the Microtubules family. Biosynthesis of functional microtubules include the involvement of a number of chaperones, termed Tubulin folding cofactors A (TBCA), B (TBCB), C (TBCC), D (TBCD) and E (TBCE), which operate on folding intermediates downstream of the cytosolic chaperon, known as TCP. The 244 amino acid cytoplasmic protein TBCB has one CAP-Gly domain and is universally expressed. TBCB takes part in the regulation of tubulin heterodimer dissociation and operates as a negative regulator of axonal growth.

RGS17 weakens the signaling activity of G-proteins by binding to activated GTP-bound G alpha subunits and performing as a GTPase activating protein (GAP), increasing the rate of conversion of the GTP to GDP. This hydrolysis allows the G alpha subunits to bind G beta/gamma subunit heterodimers, creating inactive G-protein heterotrimers, which terminates the signal. RGS17 has a vital part in ending the signaling by mu opioid receptors and development of tolerance to opioid analgesic drugs.

Collagen, a major component of the extracellular matrix, is a fibrous protein that provides tensile strength to tissues giving them structural integrity. Collagen and its derivative, gelatin, have been widely used in medical, pharmaceutical and consumer products for more than 100 years. The supply of these materials, created from animal remains, is both abundant and inexpensive. However, most formulations are not highly purified and have the potential to cause an inflammatory reaction in some product users. In addition, concerns have been raised over the last several years about the potential for contamination of bovine products with the agent that causes mad cow disease and its human variant, Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease. Animal collagens are subject to extensive modifications that continue over the life of the molecule in the extracellular space. These differences influence both the extractability of collagens from tissue and the biophysical characteristics of these collagens. As a result, collagens isolated from tissues exhibit significant lot-to-lot variability and, as bulk materials, are often analytically intractable. Products that contain animal-derived collagen can induce potentially harmful inflammatory or immune responses in humans and pose risk of contamination with viruses or prions, potentially life-threatening pathogens. Recombinant collagens are essentially identical to the native collagen protein thereby reducing the risk of inflammation, immune response, and disease as compared to animal-sourced collagen.

Transmembrane Protein 27 (TMEM27) is a type 1 transmembrane protein which is imperative for trafficking amino acid transporters to the apical brush border of proximal tubules. TMEM27 binds to amino acid transporters and regulates their expression on the plasma membrane. The extracellular domain of TMEM27 is cleaved off the surface of beta cells.

S100A10 is a member of the S100 family of proteins contains two EF-hand calcium-binding motifs and is thought to be involved in the regulation of a number of cellular processes including cell cycle progression and differentiation. S100 proteins are localized either in the cytoplasm or the nucleus of a wide range of cells. There are at least 13 members in the S100 gene family, which are located as a cluster on chromosome 1q21. S100A10 may function in exocytosis and endocytosis.

ST13 is an adaptor protein (co-chaperone) that mediates the association of HSP70 & HSP90 and appears in early receptor complexes. ST13 plays a role in the assembly process of glucocorticoid receptor, which requires the assistance of multiple molecular chaperones. The expression of ST13 is downregulated in colorectal carcinoma tissue signifying that is candidate tumor suppressor gene. Through common binding to both Hsp70 and Hsp90, ST13 functions as an adaptor that can integrate Hsp70 and Hsp90 interactions. The expression of ST13 decreases in colorectal cancer tissue compared with that in adjacent normal tissue. ST13 is mostly expressed in colorectal epithelia and adenocarcinoma cells. ST13 functions to promote the efficiency of glucocorticoid receptor maturation in cells. The expression levels of the ST13 gene were significantly decreased in primary tumors compared with adjacent mucosa.

GSK3-beta interaction protein (C14orf129) is defined as a naturally occurring protein which is homologous with the GSK3beta interaction domain of Axin and is able to negatively regulate GSK3beta of the Wnt signaling pathway. C14orf129 may affect GSK3? activity on neurite outgrowth by inhibiting the specific phosphorylation of tau (ser396).

The bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are a family of secreted signaling molecules that can induce ectopic bone growth. Many BMPs are part of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGFB) superfamily. BMPs were originally identified by an ability of demineralized bone extract to induce endochondral osteogenesis in vivo in an extraskeletal site. Based on its expression early in embryogenesis, the BMP encoded by this gene has a proposed role in early development. In addition, the fact that this BMP is closely related to BMP5 and BMP7 has lead to speculation of possible bone inductive activity.

Charged multivesicular body protein 1b (CHMP1B) is a member of the chromatin-modifying protein/charged multivesicular body protein (CHMP) family. CHMP1B is a possible peripherally associated component of the ESCRT-III (endosomal sorting required for transport complex III) which is involved in MVBs (multivesicular bodies) formation and sorting of endosomal cargo proteins into MVBs. The MVBs contain ILVs (intraluminal vesicles) which are created by invagination and scission from the limiting membrane of the endosome and generally are transported to lysosomes enabling degradation of membrane proteins, such as stimulated growth factor receptors, lysosomal enzymes and lipids.

BATF is a nuclear basic leucine zipper protein which is a member of the AP-1/ATF superfamily of transcription factors. BATF is intensely expressed in mature T and B lymphocytes, and is up-regulated after transformation by human T-cell leukemia virus type I. BATF acts as a tissue-specific modulator of the AP-1 transcription complex in human cells. Furthermore, BATF connects with IFP35 which is a leucine zipper protein that translocates to the nucleus following IFN treatment.

Human HSP40 (heat shock protein with molecular size of 40kDa) is one of the mammalian homologues of bacterial DnaJ heat shock protein and regulates cellular processes by aiding in the folding, transport and assembly. HSP40 protein contains the J-domain which controls interaction with the ATPase domain of DnaK.

Secreted frizzled-related protein 4 (SFRP4) belongs to the SFRP family which contains a cysteine-rich domain homologous to the putative Wnt-binding site of Frizzled proteins. SFRPs serve as soluble modulators of Wnt signaling. SFRP4 may serve as a regulator of adult uterine morphology and function. SFRP4 increases apoptosis during ovulation possibly via modulation of FZ1/FZ4/WNT4 signaling. SFRP4 also has phosphaturic effects by specifically inhibiting sodium-dependent phosphate uptake. SFRP4 is expressed in proliferative endometrium and several types of ovarian, endometrial and Brest tumors. SFRP4 is expressed in mesenchymal cells and in cardiomyocytes. SFRP4 expression in ventricular myocardium correlates with apoptosis related gene expression. SFRP4 is up-regulated in failing myocardium.

Mature T-Cell Proliferation 1, also known as MTCP1 was recognized by involvement in some t(X;14) translocations linked with mature T-cellproliferations. This region has a complex gene structure, with a common promoter and 5' exon spliced to two dissimilar sets of 3' exons which encode two different proteins. It represents the upstream 13 kDa protein which belongs to the TCL1 family. In addition, MTCP1 enhances the phosphorylation and activation of AKT1 and AKT2. MTCP1 is involved in leukemogenesis.Among the diseases associated with MTCP1 are queensland tick typhus, and african tick-bite fever.

C1QTNF6 is a collagen type-IV specific for basement membranes. C1QTNF6 is vital for embryonic development.

Otubain 1 (OTUB1) belongs to the ovarian tumor (OUT) superfamily of predicted cysteine proteases and inhibits cytokine gene transcription in the immune system through its interaction with a ubiquitin protease and E3 ubiquitin ligase. OTUB1 is a highly specific ubiquitin iso-peptidase, it cleaves ubiquitin from branched poly-ubiquitin chains but not from ubiquitinated substrates. OTUB1 is believed to work in specific ubiquitin-dependent pathways, possibly by providing an editing function of polyubiquitin chain growth. OTUB1 is a hydrolase that removes conjugated ubiquitin from proteins in vitro and may therefore have a significant regulatory role in the level of protein turnover by preventing degradation. Additionally, OTUB1 is a regulator of T-cell anergy, a phenomenon that occurs when T-cells are rendered impassive to antigen re-challenge and no longer respond to their cognate antigen. OTUB1 acts via its interaction with RNF128/GRAIL, which is an essential inductor of CD4 T-cell anergy.

GIPC2 is a 315 aa protein which is restricted to the cytoplasm and holds one PDZ domain. GIPC2 is expressed in large quantities in colon and kidney and in small quantities in adult liver. GIPC2 has a vital part in human gastric cancer by control of growth factor signaling or cell adhesion.

TAR DNA Binding Protein (TARDBP) was initially recognized as a transcriptional repressor which binds to chromosomally integrated TAR DNA and represses HIV-1 transcription. In addition, TARDBP has been detected in individuals diagnosed with chronic traumatic encephalopathy as well, which is a condition that often imitates ALS andhas been related with athletes who have experienced multiple concussions and other types of head injury.TARDBP has been shown to bind both DNA and RNA, it has multiple functions in transcriptional repression, pre-mRNAsplicing and translational regulation.

HINT1, also known as Histidine triad nucleotide-binding protein 1 is part of the superfamily named for a near C-terminal HXHXHXX motif (H:Histidine, X:a hydrophobic amino acid) positioned at the ?-phosphate of nucleotide substrates. HINT1 hydrolyzes adenosine 5'-monophosphoramidate substrates such as AMP-morpholidate, AMP-N-alanine methyl ester, AMP-alpha-acetyl lysine methyl ester and AMP-NH2. Though it was initially considered to be a protein kinase C inhibitor and act as a haplod-insufficient tumor suppressor including spontaneous tumor formation in Hint+/- and Hint-/- , its actual physiologic function is not known.

Protein Kinase CAMP-Dependent Catalytic Beta (PRKACB) belongs to the Ser/Thr protein kinase family and is a catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase. cAMP is a signaling molecule imperative for various cellular functions. cAMP activates the cAMP-dependent protein kinase, which transduces the signal by way of phosphorylation of different target proteins. The inactive kinase holoenzyme is a tetramer composed of 2 regulatory and 2 catalytic subunits. cAMP triggers the dissociation of the inactive holoenzyme into a dimer of regulatory subunits bound to 4 cAMP and 2 free monomeric catalytic subunits. PRKACB mediates cAMP-dependent signaling initiated by receptor binding to GPCRs. PKA activation regulates various cellular processes such as cell proliferation, the cell cycle, differentiation and regulation of microtubule dynamics, chromatin condensation and decondensation, nuclear envelope disassembly and reassembly, in addition to regulation of intracellular transport mechanisms and ion flux. PRKACB regulates the abundance of compartmentalized pools of its regulatory subunits via phosphorylation of PJA2 which binds and ubiquitinates these subunits, leading to their consequent proteolysis.