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SPARC-like protein 1 or SPARC1 is an anti-adhesive protein with a similarity to the SPARC protein’s structure. SPARC1 is highly expressed in several tissues such as brain, lungs, kidney, heart, although it is not found in the liver tissue. The protein inhibits spreading or adhesion of many substrates and is considered to lead to antiadhesive signaling that stops neuronal migration, that occurs during development or as a trauma response, consistent with production by glial and neuronal cells.

DNA Cytosine-5--Methyltransferase 3-Like (DNMT3L) is a nuclear protein with similarity to DNA methyltransferases, but is not believed to act as a DNA methyltransferase since it doesn’t contain the amino acid residues needed for methyltransferase activity. Nevertheless, DNMT3L stimulates de novo methylation by DNA cytosine methyltransferase 3 alpha and is assumed to be required for the formation of maternal genomic imprints. DNMT3L also mediates transcriptional repression as a result of interaction with histone deacetylase 1. DNMT3L is a catalytically inactive regulatory factor of DNA methyltransferases, which is vital for the function of DNMT3A and DNMT3B. DNMT3L activates DNMT3A and DNMT3B by binding to their catalytic domain. Furthermore, DNMT3L accelerates the binding of DNA and AdoMet to the methyltransferases and dissociates from the complex after DNA binding to the methyltransferases.

NECTIN3, also known as Nectin Cell Adhesion Molecule 3, is part of the nectin family. NECTIN3 is intended to initiate cell-cell adhesion to stimulate cell attachment and to allow subsequent formation of JAM-and cadherin-based intercellular junctions. NECTIN3 induces endocytosis-mediated down-regulation of PVR from the cell surface, which results in reduction of cell movement & proliferation. Following Nectin-3 activity adds strength to the junction through trans-interaction with various molecules.

Ephrin-B2 belongs to the ephrin (EPH) family. The ephrins and EPH-related receptors contain the largest subfamily of receptor protein-tyrosine kinases and have been associated with mediating developmental events, particularly in the nervous system and in erythropoiesis. Based upon their structures and sequence relationships, ephrins are allocated into the ephrin-A (EFNA) class, which are anchored to the membrane by a glycosylphosphatidylinositol linkage, and the ephrin-B (EFNB) class, which are transmembrane proteins. Ephrin-B2 binds to the EPHB4 and EPHA3 receptors.

Cell Adhesion Molecule 1, also known as CADM1 belongs to the nectin family. CADM1 mediates homophilic cell-cell adhesion in a Ca2+-independent manner as well as mediating heterophilic cell-cell adhesion with CADM3 and PVRL3 in a Ca2+-independent manner. Furthermore, CADM1 perform as a tumor suppressor in non-small-cell lung cancer, NSCLC, cells. The interaction with CRTAM promotes natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxicity & IFN-gamma secretion by CD8+ cells in vitro over and above NK cell-mediated rejection of tumors expressing CADM3 in vivo.

Fucosyltransferase 7 (FUT7) is a golgi stack membrane protein which is involved in the creation of sialyl-Lewis X antigens. The FUT7 protein leads the synthesis of the E-selectin-binding sialyl-Lewis X moiety. FUT7 catalyzes alpha-1,3 glycosidic linkages involved in the expression of sialyl Lewis X antigens.

Rab GDP dissociation inhibitor beta isoform 1 (GDI2) is a member of the GDP dissociation inhibitors (GDIs) family. GDI proteins can bind and release GDP-bound Rab proteins from membranes. GDI1 interacts with virtually all of the Rab proteins, whereas GDI2 interacts with Rabll but not Rab3A. GDI2 distributes ubiquitously, presenting a membrane bound location in perinuclear regions of cells.

Limb Bud And Heart Development, (LBH) belongs to the LBH family.LBH is highly expressed in the heart, and expressed at low levels in placenta, lung, skeletal muscle, kidney and liver. In addition, LBH protein is a transcriptional activator which may act in mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway. Among the diseases associated with LBH are celiac disease, and rheumatoid arthritis.

Golgi SNAP receptor complex member 2 isoform A (GOSR2) is a part of the SNARE Protein family which consists of important trafficking proteins between the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi and between Golgi subcompartments. GOSR2 is located near a locus implicated in familial essential hypertension, indicating that it is a potential candidate gene for this disease. GOSR2 exists as cytoplasmically oriented integral membrane proteins.

HCV is a small 50nm, enveloped, single-stranded, positive sense RNAvirus in the family Flaviviridae.
HCV has a high rate of replication with approximately one trillion particles produced each day in an infected individual. Due to lack of proofreading by the HCV RNA polymerase, the HCV has an exceptionally high mutation rate, a factor that may help it elude the host's immune response. Hepatitis C virus is classified into six genotypes(1-6) with several subtypes within each genotype. The preponderance and distribution of HCV genotypes varies globally. Genotype is clinically important in determining potential response to interferon-based therapy and the required duration of such therapy. Genotypes 1 and 4 are less responsive to interferon-based treatment than are the other genotypes (2, 3, 5 and 6).

OC43 is 1 of 7 known coronaviruses to infect human, including CoV-229E, CoV-NL63, CoV-HKU1, MERS-CoV, the original SARS-CoV1, and SARS-CoV-2 (Covid 19). CoV-OC43, human alpha- coronavirus 229E and NL63, beta-coronavirus and HCoV-HKU1 are responsible for the common cold. like other betacoronavirus, CoV-OC43 has an additional shorter spike protein called hemagglutinin esterase. Human coronavirus OC43 belongs to the species beta-coronavirus which are enveloped, positive-sense, singlestranded RNA virus which enters its host cell by binding to the Nacetyl-9-O-acetylneuraminic acid receptor.

Alpha-2-Glycoprotein 1 Zinc-Binding or AZGP1 is a protein, part of the MHC class 1 protein family. AZGP1 is thought to connect to prolactin-inducible protein (PIP), and not to , B 2-microglobulin (MHC light chain). AZGP1 is secreted from epithelia and can be found in nearly all fluids of the body. In adipocytes, AZGP1 triggers lipid degradation, that leads to a broad fat lost that can be linked to progressive type of cancers.

Prohibitin 2, also known as PHB2, mediates transcriptional repression by nuclear hormone receptors via recruitment of histone deacetylases by similarity. PHB2 functions as an estrogen receptor (ER)-selective coregulator which potentiates the inhibitory activities of antiestrogens and represses the activity of estrogens. PHB2 which is involved in regulating mitochondrial respiration activity and in aging, competes with NCOA1 for modulation of ER transcriptional activity.

Chondrolectin (CHODL) is a type I membrane protein with a carbohydrate recognition domain characteristic of C-type lectins in its extracellular portion. In other proteins, this domain is involved in endocytosis of glycoproteins and exogenous sugar-bearing pathogens. The CHODL protein localizes mainly to the perinuclear region.

Anaplasma phagocytophilum is a tick-transmitted obligate intracellular bacterium leading to human granulocytic anaplasmosis. Its outer membrane protein A is a peptidoglycan-associated lipoprotein which plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of the disease. OmpA is a part of the porin superfamily sharing a beta-barrel structure.

Calbindin 1 (CALB1) is a calcium binding protein that is a member of the troponin C superfamily. CALB1 plays a vital role in calcium regulation (including calcium transport and uptake, calcification of bone and teeth) and calcium associated signaling in neurons and transiently in embryological development. CALB1 also has a role in protecting neurons from apoptotic cell death. CALB1 buffers cytosolic calcium and may stimulate a membrane Ca2+-ATPase and a 3',5'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase. The biological function of CALB1 seems to be tied to the redox state of its five cysteine residues.
CALB1 has 4 active calcium-binding domains, and 2 modified domains that seemingly have lost their calcium-binding ability. CALB1 is expressed in neural tissues. In the brain, the CALB1 synthesis is independent of vitamin-D-derived hormones.
Disregulation of the CALB1 is associated with epilepsy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington's disease. The neurons in brains of Huntington disease patients are calbindin-depleted.

GADD45B is part of the nuclear proteins to interact with various proteins whose transcript levels are raised after stressful growth arrest conditions and treatment with DNA-damaging agents. GADD45B reacts to environmental stresses by mediating activation of the p38/JNK pathway which is mediated through their protein binding and activating MTK1/MEKK4 kinase, which is an upstream activator of both p38 and JNK MAPKs. GADD45B is involved in the regulation of growth and apoptosis. GADD45b takes part during chondrocyte terminal differentiation and mediates MMP-13 gene expression. GADD45 in B cells is induced by CD40 via a mechanism that involves NF-kappa B and that induction suppresses Fas-mediated killing. GADD45b is down-regulated in most cases of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and is a molecular marker in the diagnosis of HCC and as a possible therapeutic target.

Myostatin (GDF-8), a member of the TGFbeta superfamily, is a potent and specific negative regulator of skeletal muscle mass. In serum, myostatin circulates as part of a latent complex containing myostatin propeptide and/or follistatin-related gene. The myostatin propeptide is known to bind and inhibit myostatin in vitro. This interaction is relevant in vivo, with a majority (>70%) of myostatin in serum bound to its propeptide. The myostatin propeptide is negative regulator of myostatin in vivo.

Tumor necrosis factor is a cytokine involved in systemic inflammation and is a member of a group of cytokines that all stimulate the acute phase reaction. TNF is mainly secreted by macrophages.
TNF causes apoptotic cell death, cellular proliferation, differentiation, inflammation, tumorigenesisand viral replication, TNF is also involved in lipid metabolism, and coagulation. TNF's primary role is in the regulation of immune cells.
Dysregulation and, in particular, overproduction of TNF have been implicated in a variety of human diseases- autoimmune diseases, insulin resistance, and cancer.

Since April 2012, cases of the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) have been identified in various countries. Coronaviruses are the cause of the common cold, SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome) and other severe illnesses with high mortality rates, all are classified into coronavirus family. MERS-CoV is a new type of SARS found in the coronavirus family causing severe pneumonia with sudden and serious respiratory illness with high mortality rates as well. Since January 27th 2015, the WHO has reported 956 human cases, including 351 deaths. More cases of the new coronavirus strain are expected. Like in other coronaviruses, large surface spike glycoprotein is a central structural protein of this virus; it is located above the virion surface to bind and enter into the target cell. Spike protein has 2 domains- S1 and S2. The S1 domain is responsible for cellular tropism and interaction with target cell, while the S2 domain is responsible for membrane fusion. The C-terminal of S1 domain contains a receptor binding domain, and is also a potential target for vaccine development and an antigen for diagnosis.

CD14 (also known lipopolysaccharide (LPS) receptor) is expressed strongly on monocytes and macrophage and weakly on the surface of neutrophils. CD14 is anchored to cells by linkage to glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) and functions as a high affinity receptor for complexes of LPS and LPS binding protein (LBP). Soluble CD14, also binding to LPS, acts at physiological concentration as an LPS agonist and has, at higher concentrations, an LPS antagonizing effect in cell activation. CD14 has been shown to bind apoptotic cells.

MSH6 deficiency result in hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (Lynch syndrome). HNPCC is an autosomal, dominantly inherited disease linked with rise in cancer susceptibility. MSH6 is is known by its familial predisposition to premature onset colorectal carcinoma (crc).
MSH6 is involved in repairing DNA. MSH6 protein repairs mistakes that occure during DNA replication in preparation for cell division. The MSH6 protein bonds with MSH2 protein and form an active protein complex which recognizes specific parts on the DNA where mistakes have been made during DNA replication. MLH1-PMS2 protein complex, afterwards takes over with the repair. MSH6 gene is part of the set of the mismatch repair (MMR) genes.

HC Class II is consists of 2 membrane spanning proteins. Each of these proteins is roughly 30 kDa, and has of two Globular domains, Alpha-1, Alpha-2, Beta-1 and Beta-2. The two regions farthest away from the membrane are alpha-1 and beta-1. The two proteins link without Covalent Bonds. The MHC Class II protein mainly presents peptides, which have been digested from external sources. MHC Class II is normally only expressed by Antigen Presenting Cells (APC) which digest foreign protein. Within the RER the alpha and beta proteins of the molecule, associate with each other, while a third protein called the "invariant chain," is necessary for stabilizing the complex, without it, they will not associate. The MHC-invariant complex is then passed from the RER, into and out of, the Golgi body. It fuses with an Endocytic compartment, where an external protein has been sampled and degraded.

Hepatitis B is one of a few known non-retroviralviruses which employ reverse transcriptionas a part of its replication process. (HIV, a completely unrelated virus, also uses reverse transcription, but it is a retrovirus.) HBV invades the cell by binding to surface receptor and become internalized. The viral core particles then migrate to the hepatocyte nucleus and the partially double-stranded, relaxed circular genomes (RC-DNA) are repaired to form a covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA), which is the template for viral genomic and sub-genomic RNAs by cellular RNA polymerase II. Of these, the pregenomic RNA (pgRNA is selectively packaged into progeny capsids and is then reverse-transcribed into new RC-DNA. The core can either bud into the endoplasmic reticulum to be enveloped or exported from the cell or recycled back into the genome for conversion to cccDNA.