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Jumonji Domain Containing 6, also known as JMJD6 performs as a lysyl-hydroxylase which catalyzes 5-hydroxylation on specific lysine residues of target proteins for instance U2AF2/U2AF65 and LUC7L2, as a regulator of RNA splicing by mediating 5-hydroxylation of U2AF2/U2AF65, affecting the pre-mRNA splicing activity of U2AF2/U2AF65. Additionally to peptidyl-lysine 5-dioxygenase activity, JMJD6 performs as an RNA hydroxylase, as proposed by its ability to bind single strand RNA. Furthermore, it acts as an arginine demethylase which demethylates histone H3 at 'Arg-2' (H3R2me) as well as histone H4 at 'Arg-3' (H4R3me), thus taking a part in histone code.

Kallikrein-10 (KLK10) is one of the 15 kallikrein subfamily members located in a cluster on chromosome 19. Kallikreins are a subgroup of serine proteases having various physiological functions. KLK10 is secreted and has a role in suppression of tumorigenesis in breast and prostate cancers.

The protein encoded by LAMP2 belongs to a family of membrane glycoproteins. This glycoprotein provides selectins with carbohydrate ligands LAMP2 takes part in tumor cell metastasis and in addition has a role in the protection, maintenance, and adhesion of the lysosome. The effect of alternative splicing of this gene is multiple transcript variants encoding distinct proteins.

PPIL2 is part of the cyclophilin family of peptidylprolyl isomerases which are highly conserved ubiquitous proteins that play an important role in protein folding, immunosuppression by cyclosporin A, and infection of HIV-1 virions. PPIL2 interacts with the proteinase inhibitor eglin c and is localized in the nucleus. PPIL2 increases folding of proteins andcatalyzes the cis-trans isomerization of proline imidic peptide bonds in oligopeptides.

Protein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 11 (PPP1R11) is located within the major histocompatibility complex class I region on chromosome 6 and is expressed in a variety of both adult and embryonic tissues. PPP1R11 acts as an inhibitor of PP1 (protein phosphatase 1), particularly showing a sensitivity toward the metal-independent and metal-dependent forms of PP1. Deletion of a portion of the q arm of chromosome 6 is related with early onset intestinal cancer, proposing the presence of a cancer vulnerability locus.

Glucokinase or GLK, is a protein, part of the bacterial glucokinase superfamily. In the bacteria E. coli, glucose can be transported to the inner cell through a system called PTS as glucose 6-phosphate, therefore, GLK is less crucial to the bacteria.

Galectins are a family of animal lectins with an affinity for beta-galactosides. This family has at least 14 identified members. Galectins share similarities in the CRD (the carbohydrate recognition domain). Galectins are synthesized as cytosolic proteins. Though localized principally in the cytoplasm and lacking a classical signal peptide, galectins can also be stimulated to secretion by non-classical pathways or alternatively targeted to the nucleus. Galectins are involved in modulating cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. Human Galectin-7 belongs to the prototypical Galectins containing a single CRD, which is initially identified in human epidermis as a monomer. The Galectin-7 expression is induced by tumor suppressor protein p53 and associated with apoptosis. Galectin-7 is a pro-apoptotic protein which functions intracellularlly upstream of JNK activation and mitochondrial cytochrome c release. The correlation of Galectin-7 with the UV-induced apoptosis of keratinocytes presents a critical mechanism in the maintenance of epidermal homeostasis. Human Galectin-7 is localized in both nucleus and cytoplasm.

GMPR2 is the single known metabolic step by which guanine nucleotides can be transformed to the pivotal precursor of both adenine and guanine nucleotides. GMPR2 catalyzes the permanent NADPH-dependent reductive deamination of GMP to IMP, and is involved in re-utilization of free intracellular bases and purine nucleosides.

GPT catalyzes the reversible transamination between alanine and 2-oxoglutarate to create pyruvate and glutamate. GPT has a crucial part in the intermediary metabolism of glucose and amino acids. GPT is broadly used as an indicator of liver reliability or hepatocellular destruction in clinical tests.

Ubiquitin Carboxyl-Terminal Esterase L1 (UCHL1) is a part of a family whose products hydrolyze small C-terminal adducts of ubiquitin to create the ubiquitin monomer. UCHL1 is a part of the ubiquitin system, which regulates many biological activities. UCHL1 is a thiol protease that distinguishes and hydrolyzes a peptide bond at the C-terminal glycine of ubiquitin. UCHL1 binds to free monoubiquitin and avoids its degradation in lysosomes.

PSMB5 belongs to the proteasome B-type family that has a 20S core beta subunit in the proteasome. This catalytic subunit is not present in the immunoproteasome and is substituted by catalytic subunit 3i (proteasome beta 8 subunit). A fundamental function of a modified proteasome, the immunoproteasome, is the processing of class I MHC peptides. PSMB5 exhibits an ATP dependent proteolytic activity and is involved in an ATP/ubiquitin dependent non lysosomal proteolytic pathway.

UDP-Glucose Pyrophosphorylase 2, also known as UGP2 is an essential intermediary in mammalian carbohydrate inter conversions. UGP2 transfers a glucose moiety from glucose-1-phosphate to MgUTP and forms UDP-glucose and MgPPi. UDP-glucose is a direct precursor of glycogen in the liver and muscle tissue, moreover in lactating mammary gland it is converted to UDP-galactose which is next converted to lactose.

Glutathione reductase (GSR) belongs to the class-I pyridine nucleotide-disulfide oxidoreductase family. The GSR enzyme is a homodimeric flavoprotein and has a role in maintaining glutathione (GSH) in its reduced form by catalyzing the reduction of glutathione disulfide (GSSG): GSSG + NADPH + H+ ->2GSH + NADP+. In the majority of eukaryotic cells, GSR upholds the ratio of [GSH] / [GSSG], and partakes in quite a few critical functions such as the detoxification of reactive oxygen species as well as protein and DNA biosynthesis.

WWOX is a proapoptotic protein and a tumor suppressor protein. WWOX is found in all eukaryotes and involved in the regulation of a broad range of cellular functions such as protein degradation, transcription, and RNA splicing. WWOX functions synergistically with TP53/p53 to control genotoxic stress-induced cell death. WWOX takes part in tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-mediated cell death. Loss of WWOX expression is associated with pancreatobiliary cancers. Reduced expression levels of WWOX protein is associated with the pathogenesis of basal-like differentiation in breast cancer. Loss of WWOX expression is associated with extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. WWOX gene alteration is an early genetic alteration contributes to oral carcinogenesis. WWOX induces apoptosis and inhibits human hepatocellular carcinoma cell growth through a mechanism enhanced by JNK inhibition.

Short/branched chain specific acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (ACADSB) belongs to the acyl-CoA dehydrogenase family of enzymes which catalyze the dehydrogenation of acyl-CoA derivatives in the metabolism of fatty acids or branch chained amino acids. ACADSB catalyzes the degradation of L-isoleucine while having the highest affinity for (s)-2-methylbutyryl-CoA, isobutyryl-CoA and 2-methylhexanoyl-CoA as substrates. ACADSB may use valproyl-CoA as substrate. ACADSB gene defects cause the short/branched-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (SBCADD), which is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by an increase of 2-methylbutyrylglycine and 2-methylbutyrylcarnitine in blood and urine.

Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-2 (Serpine2) which inhibits thrombin, plasmin and plasminogen activators is a part of the Serpin superfamily of the serine protease inhibitors. Serpine2 is able to transform human embryonic kidney cells into neuron-like cells. Furthermore, Serpine2's over expression in mice leads to progressive neuronal and motor dysfunction.

Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is a glycoprotein present in fetal digestive-tract tissues; it’s involved in cell adhesion. The production of CEA stops before birth. CEA is called tumor marker since its elevated levels are found in the serum from individuals with colorectal, gastric, pancreatic, lung and breast carcinomas and in heavy smokers.
There are also benign conditions that elevate CEA levels such as smoking, infection, inflammatory bowel disease, pancreatitis, cirrhosis of the liver, and some benign tumors (in the equivalent organs which have cancers with elevated CEA). Typically, higher levels of CEA are found in men, smokers, and older individuals.
The presence of CEA assists in screening, in evaluating recurrent or disseminated disease, and in determining the success of surgical removal of malignant tumors.
CEA levels can be used as indicators of treatment success. The normal values range from 0.0 to 2.5 ng/ml of serum (from blood), in non-smokers, a greater amount than that may be suggestive of cancer. Levels above 20 ng/ml before treatment are associated with cancer which has already metastasized. Benign conditions do not usually cause a CEA increase over 10 ng/ml.
The high levels of CEA should return to normal after successful therapy, however if during follow up there’s an elevation in CEA levels it indicates a recurrence of tumor.
Carcinoembryonic antigen family belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily; it consists of 29 genes, 18 of which are normally expressed.

MECR catalyzes the reduction of trans-2-enoyl-CoA to acyl-CoA with chain length from C6 to C16 in an NADPH dependent manner with preference to medium chain length substrate. MECR protein takes part in the mitochondrial synthesis of fatty acids.

Alcohol dehydrogenase 6 (ADH6) belongs to the alcohol dehydrogenase family. Alcohol dehydrogenase family members metabolize a wide variety of substrates, including ethanol, retinol, other aliphatic alcohols, hydroxysteroids, and lipid peroxidation products. ADH6 is expressed in the stomach as well as in the liver, and it contains a glucocorticoid response element upstream of its 5’ UTR, which is a steroid hormone receptor binding site.

Acireductone dioxygenase 1 (ADI1) is a part of the acireductone dioxygenase family of metal-binding enzymes, which are involved in methionine salvage. ADI1 regulates mRNA processing in the nucleus, and carries out different functions depending on its localization. Related pseudogenes have been defined on chromosomes 8 and 20. ADI1 down-regulates cell migration arbitrated by MMP14.

PPIases catalyze the cis-trans isomerization of proline imidic peptide bonds in oligopeptides and accelerate the folding of proteins. Cyclophilin-A is a cyclosporin binding-protein and may play a role in cyclosporin A-mediated immunosuppression. Cyclophilin-A can also interact with several HIV proteins, including p55 gag, Vpr, and capsid protein, and has been shown to be necessary for the formation of infectious HIV virions. Multiple pseudogenes that map to different chromosomes have been reported.

Cyclophilin-G is a member of the peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase (PPIase) family. PPIases catalyze the cis-trans isomerization of proline imidic peptide bonds in oligopeptides and speeds up the protein folding. PPIG catalyzes the cis-trans isomerization of proline imidic peptide bonds in oligopeptides and is involved in the folding, transport, and assembly of proteins. PPIG is localized to the nuclear speckles, a nuclear compartment rich in splicing factors, and cooperates with the splicing factors SC35 and pinin. Cyclophilin-G also takes part in the regulation of pre-mRNA splicing.

Mercaptopyruvate Sulfurtransferase (MPST) catalyzes the transfer of a sulfur ion from 3-mercaptopyruvate to cyanide or other thiol compounds. MPST might be involved in cysteine degradation and cyanide detoxification. The MPST enzyme is regulated by oxidative stress and thioredoxin. In oxidative stress conditions, the catalytic cysteine site is transformed to a sulfenate which inhibits the MPST enzyme activity. The reduced thioredoxin cleaves an intersubunit disulfide bond to activate the redox switch and reactivate the enzyme. A deficiency in MPST activity is implicated in a rare inheritable condition known as MCDU (mercaptolactate-cysteine disulfiduria).

CD138 takes a part in cell adhesion. CD138 is expressed on the surface of pre-B cells and plasma cells but is absent from mature B cells. SDC1 is a selective marker for B cell lymphoblastic leukemia and lymphoplasmacytoid leukemia. SDC1 is missing from the apoptotic myeloma cells; therefore is a valuable marker for plasma cell and myeloma cells.