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Krueppel-like factor 12 (KLF12) belongs to the Kruppel-like zinc finger protein family and can repress expression of the AP-2 alpha gene by binding to a particular site in the AP-2 alpha gene promoter. AP-2 alpha (Activator protein-2 alpha) is a developmentally-regulated transcription factor and vital regulator of gene expression during vertebrate development and carcinogenesis. KLF12 gene repression entails binding with a corepressor, CtBP1.

Parvalbumin alpha (PVALB) is a member of a larger group of EF hand proteins. PVALB is a high affinity calcium ion-binding protein which is structurally and functionally similar to calmodulin and troponin C. Parvalbumin is expressed in a specific population of GABAergic interneurones which are believed to have a role in maintaining the balance between excitation and inhibition in the cortex as well as the hippocampus.

Canopy 3 homolog (CNPY3) is a 271 a.aToll-like receptor specific co-chaperone for HSP90B1. CNPY3 is necessitated for proper TLR folding, excluding that of TLR3, and so controls TLR exit from the endoplasmic reticulum. Therefore, CNPY3i s required for both innate and adaptive immune responses.

MANF is a 20kDa protein which belongs to the ARMET family. MANF was originally known as an arginine-rich region protein which was extremely mutated in a large number of tumors. MANF Expression is induced during ER stress, signifying that MANF takes part in protein quality control during ER stress.

DCTN2 is a 50kDa subunit of dynactin, which is a macromolecular complex consisting of 10-11 subunits ranging in size from 22 to 150 kDa. Dynactin binds to both microtubules and cytoplasmic dynein. Dynactin is involved in a various cellular functions, including ER-to-Golgi transport, the centripetal movement of lysosomes and endosomes, spindle formation, chromosome movement, nuclear positioning, and axonogenesis. The DCTN2 subunit is present in 4-5 copies per dynactin molecule. DCTN2 is comprised of 3 short alpha-helical coiled-coil domains which mediate association with self or other dynactin subunits. DCTN2 interacts directly with the largest subunit (p150) of dynactin and is able to affix p150 in place. DCTN2 modulates cytoplasmic dynein binding to an organelle, and plays a part in prometaphase chromosome alignment and spindle organization during mitosis. DCTN2 is involved in anchoring microtubules to centrosomes. DCTN2 has a role in synapse formation during brain development.

EPH Receptor B2 (EPHB2) is a part of the transmembrane Eph receptor tyrosine kinase family (RTKs) which binds proteins of the Ephrin family on adjacent cells. The interaction leads to contact-dependent bidirectional signaling into neighboring cells. Hippocampal neurons can release vesicles containing full length EPHB2, and these are taken up by neighboring glial cells. EPHB2 takes part in the guidance of commissural axons through the embryonic midline and regulates dendritic spines development and maturation and stimulates the formation of excitatory synapses.

Thyrotroph embryonic factor (TEF) is a nuclear transcription factor which is a part of the bZIP (basic region/leucine zipper) family and PAR subfamily. TEF binds DNA as either a homodimer or heterodimer, and is known to transactivate the TSH beta promoter. TEF accumulates according to a robust circadian rhythm and is also inhibits cell growth by down-regulating beta chain expression of cytokine receptors.

HB-EGF is an EGF related growth factor which signals via the EGF receptor, and stimulates the proliferation of SMC (smooth muscle cells), fibroblasts, epithelial cells and keratinocytes. HB-EGF is expressed in various cell types and tissues, including vascular endothelial cells and SMC, macrophages, skeletal muscle, keratinocytes and particular tumor cells. HB-EGF’s ability to explicitly bind HPR sulfate proteoglycans is dissimilar from other EGF-like molecules, and might be related to the enhanced mitogenic activity, relative to EGF, that HB-EGF exerts on smooth muscle cells.

Decorin (DCN) is a small cellular or pericellular matrix proteoglycan which is closely related in structure to biglycan protein. Decorin is a secreted protein which binds to collagen and fibronectin in extracellular matrix. Decorin appears in different glycoforms, substituted with chondroitin sulfate or dermatan sulfate consistent with the original tissue. DCN contains one attached glycosaminoglycan chain. Decorin influences the rate of fibril formation. Decorin is capable of suppressing the growth of various tumor cell lines. DCN gene defects cause corneal dystrophy. The DCN gene is a candidate gene for Marfan syndrome.

Human Retinol Binding Protein, also known as RBP, is responsible for transporting and binding vitamin A. Human RBP has a binding site for 1 molecule of retinol and circulates in the plasma together with prealbumin as a protein complex. The prealbumin binding prevents greater glomerular losses of the human RBP. Only the retinol-free form of the RBP, which has no affinity for prealbumin, undergoes glomerular filtration unhindered as a result of its low Mw. Human RBP is re-absorbed by the tubular cells and catabolized there.

Milk fat globule-EGF factor 8 protein (Mfge8) is pleiotropic secreted glycoprotein which promotes mammary gland morphogenesis, angiogenesis, and tumor progression. Mfge8 has also an imperative role in tissue homeostasis and the prevention of inflammation. Mfge8 functions as a bridge between phosphatidylserine on apoptotic cells and Integrin alpha V beta 3 on phagocytes, leading to the clearance of apoptotic debris.

RING1- and YY1-binding protein (RYBP) belongs to the polycomb group (PcG). RYBP interacts with MDM2 and decreases MDM2-mediated p53 ubiquitination, which leads to stabilization of p53 and an increase in p53 activity. RYBP causes cell-cycle arrest and is involved in the p53 response to DNA damage. RYBP interacts with RING1, YY1, Caspase 10, E2F3, E2F2, Mdm2, Abl gene and CBX2. RYBP inhibits ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of TP53, and thus has a role in regulating transcription of TP53 target genes. RYBP may also be involved in the regulation of the transcription as a repressor of the transcriptional activity of E4TF1. RYBP may bind to DNA, and promote apoptosis.

The homeobox protein family of transcription factors has many members that take part in developmental processes such as HHEX. HHEX is known to interact with Promyelocytic leukemia protein and expression in specific hematopoietic lines indicates that this protein is involved in hematopoietic differentiation.

Nectin-1, also referred to as ED4, is a poliovirus receptor- related 1 protein is a part of the Nectin family. Nectin-1 endorses cell-cell contacts by forming homophilic or heterophilic trans-dimers. Heterophilic interactions among PVRL1/nectin-1 & PVRL4/nectin-4 and among PVRL1/nectin-1 & PVRL3/nectin-3 have been found. Nectin-1 acts as an entry receptor for herpes simplex virus & pseudorabies virus as well. Likewise, Neurite outgrowth-promoting activity has been shown by Nectin-1.

Basic fibroblast growth factor is a member of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family. FGF family members possess broad mitogenic and cell survival activities, and are involved in a variety of biological processes, including embryonic development, cell growth, morphogenesis, tissue repair, tumor growth and invasion. This protein functions as a modifier of endothelial cell migration and proliferation, as well as an angiogenic factor. It acts as a mitogen for a variety of mesoderm- and neuroectoderm-derived cells in vitro, thus is thought to be involved in organogenesis. Three alternatively spliced variants encoding different isoforms have been described. The heparin-binding growth factors are angiogenic agents in vivo and are potent mitogens for a variety of cell types in vitro. There are differences in the tissue distribution and concentration of these 2 growth factors.

Zinc Binding Alcohol Dehydrogenase Domain Containing 2, also known as ZADH2, is a protein coding gene which is a part of the zinc-containing alcohol dehydrogenase family.

SH2 domain-containing protein 1B, also known as SH2D1B activates NK cells. SH2D1B participates in controlling signal transduction through at least 4 receptors, CD84, SLAMF1, LY9 and CD244, expressed on the surface of professional antigen-presenting cells. Two isoforms of the human SH2D1B are produced by alternative splicing. Superior Mesenteric Artery Syndrome is one of the diseases which is associated with SH2D1B.

Tripartite Motif Containing 33 (TRIM33) belongs to the tripartite motif family. This motif includes 3 zinc-binding domains, a RING, a B-box type 1 and a B-box type 2, and a coiled-coil region. TRIM33 is assumed to be a transcriptional corepressor. TRIM33 functions as an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase. TRIM33 also promotes SMAD4 ubiquitination, nuclear exclusion and degradation via the ubiquitin proteasome pathway. In addition, TRIM33 inhibits the transcriptional response to TGF-beta/BMP signaling cascade. Furthermore, TRIM33 has a role in the control of cell proliferation.

The bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are a family of secreted signaling molecules that can induce ectopic bone growth. Many BMPs are part of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGFB) superfamily. BMPs were originally identified by an ability of demineralized bone extract to induce endochondral osteogenesis in vivo in an extraskeletal site. Based on its expression early in embryogenesis, the BMP encoded by this gene has a proposed role in early development. In addition, the fact that this BMP is closely related to BMP5 and BMP7 has lead to speculation of possible bone inductive activity.

TNFAIP8 which is a part of the TNFAIP8 family acts as a negative mediator of apoptosis and takes part in tumor progression. TNFAIP8 suppresses the TNF-mediated apoptosis by inhibiting caspase-8 activity but not the processing of procaspase-8, resulting in inhibition of BID cleavage and activation of caspase-3.

Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Type IVA Member 3 (PTP4A3) is a member of a small class of prenylated protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) which remove phosphate modifications from tyrosine residues on proteins. PTP4A3 enhances cell proliferation, cell motility and invasive activity. PTP4A3 functions as a protein tyrosine phosphatase which stimulates progression from G1 into S phase during mitosis. PTP4A3 is mostly expressed in cardiomyocytes and skeletal muscle; it is also found in the pancreas.
PTP4A3 is always overexpressed in colon cancer metastasis. PTP4A3 is notably overexpressed in liver metastasis of colorectal cancer. High levels of PTP4A3 expression are linked to tumorigenesis and metastasis; therefore it is overexpressed in metastatic colorectal, ovarian, liver and skin cancers. PTP4A3 may be involved in the progression of cardiac hypertrophy by inhibiting intracellular calcium mobilization in response to angiotensin II. PTP4A3 is inhibited by sodium orthovanadate and peroxovanadium compounds.

GID Complex Subunit 8, also known as GID8 is a member of the GID8 family. GID8 was recognized through a two hybrid-associated protein screen with RanBPM. GID8 acts together with RanBP9 and includes a protein complex with RanBPM and Muskelin.

Mediator of ErbB2-driven cell motility 1 (MEMO1) is a member of the UPF0103 family. MEMO1 regulates cell migration by transmitting extracellular chemotactic signals to the microtubule cytoskeleton. Furthermore, MEMO1 controls the localization of APC and CLASP2 to the cell membrane, using the regulation of GSK3B activity. MEMO1 is essential for breast carcinoma cell migration, suggesting a key role in tumorigenesis. MEMO1 is also a mediator of ERBB2 signaling.

Ku antigen consists of two polypeptides (70 kDa and 80 kDa; the p80 subunit is occasionally called p86). The Ku heterodimer provides DNA-binding and regulatory functions to DNA-dependent protein kinase which is a central enzyme for DNA recombination processes in eucaryotic cells. The Ku protein plays important roles in multiple nuclear processes including DNA repair, V(D)J recombination, telomere maintenance, and the regulation of specific gene transcription.
Antibodies to Ku were originally reported in scleroderma-polymyositis overlap syndrome (up to 20% of patients) but have also been detectable in about 20 % of patients with primary pulmonary hypertension (as a complication of overlap), in 5-10 % of SLE and MCTD patients, and in up to 20 % of patients with primary Sj?gren's syndrome.
In IIF using HEp-2 cells, Ku-positive sera yield a dense, fine granular pattern with nucleolar staining that is typical but not specific for anti-Ku. Detection of Ku antibodies by Western blot may bear false-negative results since the main reactive epitope on the p70/p80 heterodimer is conformation-dependent.