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FABP3 is abundantly expressed in cardiac and skeletal muscle tissues, where it serves as a crucial mediator in the cellular handling of fatty acids. By facilitating the uptake, transport, and utilization of fatty acids, FABP3 ensures a steady supply of energy, making it indispensable for the high-energy-demanding heart and skeletal muscles. Beyond its role in energy metabolism, FABP3 has been implicated in diverse cellular processes, including inflammation, oxidative stress response, and cellular differentiation.

Molecular Insights:

At the molecular level, FABP3 exhibits a remarkable affinity for long-chain fatty acids. Its unique binding properties enable it to shuttle fatty acids to specific cellular compartments, such as mitochondria, for β-oxidation. Additionally, FABP3 is intricately involved in the regulation of gene expression, modulating the activity of various transcription factors and signaling pathways. Understanding these molecular intricacies is key to deciphering FABP3's diverse functions.

Physiological Significance:

In cardiac muscle, FABP3 plays a crucial role in myocardial energy metabolism. During periods of increased energy demand, such as cardiac stress or exercise, FABP3 ensures a rapid supply of fatty acids for ATP production. Its absence or dysfunction has been associated with impaired cardiac function and increased susceptibility to ischemic injury. In skeletal muscles, FABP3 contributes to the utilization of fatty acids as an energy source during sustained physical activity.

Implications in Disease:

Research indicates that alterations in FABP3 expression and function are linked to several pathological conditions. In cardiovascular diseases, FABP3 has emerged as a potential biomarker for myocardial infarction, reflecting myocardial damage. Moreover, studies have highlighted its involvement in insulin resistance, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome, emphasizing its significance in metabolic disorders.

Therapeutic Prospects:

The unique properties of FABP3 have garnered attention in drug development. Researchers are exploring FABP3-targeted therapies for cardiovascular diseases and metabolic disorders. Modulating FABP3 activity presents a promising avenue for managing conditions characterized by dysregulated fatty acid metabolism and oxidative stress.

Conclusion:

FABP3, the unassuming intracellular fatty acid chaperone, plays a central role in human physiology and disease. Its intricate involvement in energy metabolism, cellular signaling, and disease pathogenesis underscores its significance as a research subject. As our understanding of FABP3 deepens, it opens doors to innovative diagnostic approaches and therapeutic interventions, potentially impacting millions of lives worldwide.

C1q is a vital initiator of the classical pathway of the complement system, playing a pivotal role in host defense, immune regulation, and clearance of apoptotic cells. While much research has been conducted on C1q in humans and other species, studies specifically focusing on rabbit C1q are relatively limited. Studies focusing on C1q in rabbit models have provided valuable insights into its involvement in host defense against infectious agents, autoimmune diseases, and inflammatory disorders. Additionally, research has highlighted the potential therapeutic applications of modulating C1q activity in conditions such as autoimmune diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and cancer.

Before it was discovered in 2000, there was a hypothesis that a similar type of protein existed that performed many of the functions we see in FGF23. This was originally referred to as phosphatonin. Various effects were described and noted by researchers including inhibition of production and inhibition of secretion of parathyroid hormone. Derived from the bone Fibroblast Growth Factor 23 is a phosphaturic hormone. It increases phosphate excretion when acting on the kidney and also suppresses the biosynthesis of 1,25(OH)2D3.

Mechanism
Despite various research studies into the topic, many of the mechanisms for the regulations of FGF23 production remain a mystery to the scientific community. While we know that mutations in PHEX, ENPP1 and DMP1 result in the increased expression of FGF23, it is unclear why this occurs. This also means that currently, it is not possible to regulate the production of FGF23 either. We also do not know how signals from FGF23 regulate vitamin D metabolism. However, understanding these types of mechanisms could offer information needed to provide better treatment for deranged bone and mineral metabolism.

Interactions
Molecular interactions involving FGF-23, vitamin D and klotho do provide the solution needed to regulate phosphate levels within the body. Furthermore, an interaction between Vitamin D and FGF3 can have an impact on renal phosphate balance. As well as this, when in the presence of klotho, FGF3 does actually increase bioactivity and begins to change systemic phosphate homeostasis.

Function
Based on research it seems that the main function for FGF23 is the regulation of phosphate concentration in plasma. It seems to be secreted from the osteocytes due to elevated levels . When acting upon the kidneys, the hormone reduces the expression of NPT2. This is a sodium-phosphate cotransporter found in the proximal tube.
As such, it appears as though FGF23 is able to reduce the reabsorption, all the while maxing the excretion of phosphate. It has also been suggested that the hormone is able to suppress 1-alpha-hydroxylase. If this is the case, it can limit its potential to activate vitamin D and thus impair the ability for calcium absorption.

Structure
FGF243 is located on the chromosome 12. It is composed of three exons. The crystal structure of FGF23 is completely different from the common conformation typically adopted by paracrine-acting FGFs. Instead, there is a conformation of the HPR region between beta strands 10 and 12. As well as this, there is a cleft between the other HPR-binding region, the beta1-beta12 loop and this one. This comes before a direct interaction between HPR sulfate and FGF23s backbone atoms. Due to this, endocrine function is benefitted and HPR-binding affinity is reduced for the lipangs.
Certain mutations that cause the protein to be completely resistant to proteolytic cleavage does trigger a surge in activity of the protein and the renal phosphate loss typically found in certain human diseases including hypophosphatemic rickets.
Studies have also revealed that FGF23 is overproduced in certain tumors including phosphaturic mesenchymal tumors. Furthermore a reduced level of activity for this protein is believed to lead to higher phosphate levels and familial tumor calcinosis clinical syndrome.

What is the molecular weight/Mw of FGF23 HUMAN Protein?
FGF23 HUMAN Protein has a total Mw of 22.5kDa.

What is the source or expression system of FGF23 HUMAN Protein?
Escherichia Coli.

What is the Purity of FGF23 HUMAN Protein?
FGF23 HUMAN Protein is >95X% pure as determined by SDS-PAGE.

What is the Biological Activity of FGF23 HUMAN Protein?
The biological activity of FGF-23 was measured in a cell proliferation assay using NIH/3T3 mouse embryonic fibroblasts. The ED50 for this effect is typically 0.05-0.5µg/ml in the presence of 5µg/ml of Recombinant Mouse Klotho and 10 µg/ml of HPR.

What is the amino acid sequence of FGF23 HUMAN Protein?
MYPNASPLLG SSWGGLIHLY TATARNSYHL QIHKNGHVDG APHQTIYSAL MIRSEDAGFV VITGVMSRRY LCMDFRGNIF GSHYFDPENC RFQHQTLENG YDVYHSPQYH FLVSLGRAKR AFLPGMNPPP YSQFLSRRNE IPLIHFNTPI PRRHTRSAED DSERDPLNVL KPRARMTPAP ASCSQELPSA EDNSPMASDP LGVVRGGRVN THAGGTGPEG CRPFAKFI.

What applications can FGF23 HUMAN Protein be used in?
FGF23 HUMAN Protein can probably be used in western blot, ELISA and Lateral Flow.

What is the endotoxin level for FGF23 HUMAN Protein?
The endotoxin level is minimal, FGF23 HUMAN Protein was purified using conventional chromatography techniques.

Adiponectin is a protein produced and secreted by adipose tissue. Adiponectin takes part in regulating glucose levels as well as fatty acid breakdown.

Adiponectin ‘s Functions:

Anti-Inflammatory Effects - Adiponectin has anti-inflammatory properties that helps mitigate chronic inflammation.

Regulation of Glucose and Lipid Metabolism - Adiponectin Enhances insulin sensitivity, helping in regulation of blood sugar levels and also promotes fatty acid oxidation, which helps reduce fat accumulation.

Cardiovascular Health - It may influence vascular health and is associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular diseases.

Levels and Health Implications:

Normal Levels - usually, higher levels of adiponectin are associated with a lower risk of metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes.

Low Levels - Reduced adiponectin levels are often linked with obesity, insulin resistance, and other metabolic disorders.

Factors Influencing on the Adiponectin Levels:

Weight - High body fat (especially visceral fat) can lower adiponectin levels.

Diet and Exercise - Regular physical activity and a healthy diet can increase adiponectin levels.

Genetics - Genetic factors might also be an influence on an individual adiponectin level.

Adiponectin is an important component in metabolic health, therefore continuing the research of its functions and regulation keeps advance our understanding of its role in diseases like diabetes and cardiovascular conditions.

What is the molecular weight / Mw of ADIPONECTIN Protein?
ADIPONECTIN Protein has a total Mw of 24kDa.

What is the source or expression system of ADIPONECTIN Protein?
Escherichia Coli.

What is the Purity of ADIPONECTIN Protein?
ADIPONECTINProtein is >90% pure as determined by SDS-PAGE.

What is the Biological Activity of ADIPONECTIN Protein?
The biological functionality of ADIPONECTIN Protein will be determined in the future.

What is the amino acid sequence of ADIPONECTIN Protein?
IGPKGDI GETGVPGAEG PRGFPGIQGR KGEPGEGAYV YRSAFSVGLE TYVTIPNMPI RFTKIFYNQQ NHYDGSTGKF HCNIPGLYYF AYHITVYMKD VKVSLFKKDK AMLFTYDQYQ ENNVDQASGS VLLHLEVGDQ VWLQVYGEGE RNGLYADNDN DSTFTGFLLY HDTN.

What applications can ADIPONECTIN Protein be used in ?
ADIPONECTIN Protein can probably be used in western blot, ELISA and Lateral Flow.

What is the endotoxin level for ADIPONECTIN Protein?
The endotoxin level is minimal, ADIPONECTIN Protein was purified using conventional chromatography techniques.

FGF 2 HUMAN: Insights into Fibroblast Growth Factor-2

Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor or FGF 2 HUMAN is a protein with crucial roles in cell growth, tissue repair, and embryonic development. This is part of the larger fibroblast growth factor family and is vital for various biological processes, including the modulation of cell survival activities.

Production and Properties

Produced in E. coli, FGF 2 is a non-glycosylated polypeptide chain possessing 154 amino acids with a molecular weight of about 17.2 kDa. It is purified through advanced chromatographic techniques, ensuring high purity and activity for laboratory use.

Physical Characteristics and Preparation

The physical form of FGF 2 HUMAN is a sterile, white lyophilized powder. For experimental use, it is reconstituted with sterile water to at least 100µg/ml. This reconstitution is crucial for maintaining the integrity and effectiveness of the protein in various research applications.

Storage and Handling

To maintain stability, lyophilized FGF 2 should be stored at -18°C and used within three weeks if kept at room temperature. Once reconstituted, it should be kept at 4°C and used within 2-7 days or stored at -18°C for longer-term storage.

Proper handling and avoiding repeated freeze-thaw cycles are essential to preserve the protein's functionality.

Purity and Biological Activity

FGF 2 is characterized by a purity greater than 98%, verified by SDS-PAGE analysis. Its biological activity is primarily defined by its efficacy in promoting the proliferation of specific cell lines, with an effective dose (ED50) typically below 0.1 ng/ml.

Research Applications and Impact

In the research context, FGF 2 is used extensively to study its effects on cell migration, proliferation, and angiogenesis. Moreover, its role in disease models, particularly in cancer and tissue repair studies, makes it a valuable resource for developing new therapeutic approaches.

Usage Guidelines

FGF 2 HUMAN is strictly for laboratory research use and is not suitable for drug development, food production, or cosmetic applications. Researchers are advised to comply with safety and handling guidelines to ensure that experiments are conducted under optimal conditions.

The Broad Impact on Development and Disease

FGF-2 is known for its multifunctional role across numerous biological processes such as tissue repair, embryonic development, angiogenesis, and even tumorigenesis.

This growth factor, existing in various synonymous forms such as Basic FGF, FGF-b, and HBGF-2, is essential in cellular processes that underpin both health and disease.

Furthermore, FGF-2's ability to bind to cellular receptors triggers a cascade of signaling pathways, including PI3K/Akt, MAPK/ERK, and PLCγ, which in turn influence cell growth, migration, and survival.

These pathways are pivotal in mediating the factor's diverse effects on cell behavior, contributing to its critical roles in wound healing, angiogenesis, and tissue remodeling.

What is the molecular weight/Mw of FGF 2 Protein?
FGF 2 Protein has a total Mw of 17.2kDa.

What is the source or expression system of FGF 2 Protein?
Escherichia Coli.

What is the Purity of FGF 2 Protein?
FGF 2 Protein is >98% pure as determined by SDS-PAGE.

What is the Biological Activity of FGF 2 Protein?
The ED50, calculated by the dose-dependant proliferation of murine balb/c 3T3 cells is <0.1ng/ml, corresponding to a specific activity of graeter than 1.0x107 Units/mg.

What is the amino acid sequence of FGF 2 Protein?
AAGSITTLPA LPEDGGSGAF PPGHFKDPKR LYCKNGGFFL RIHPDGRVDG VREKSDPHIK LQLQAEERGV VSIKGVCANR YLAMKEDGRL LASKCVTDEC FFFERLESNN YNTYRSRKYT SWYVALKRTG QYKLGSKTGP GQKAILFLPM SAKS.

What applications can FGF 2 Protein be used in?
FGF 2 Protein can probably be used in western blot, ELISA and Lateral Flow.

What is the endotoxin level for FGF 2 Protein?
The endotoxin level is minimal, FGF 2 Protein was purified using conventional chromatography techniques.

What is the molecular weight/Mw of CCL15 68 A.A HUMAN Protein?
CCL15 68 A.A HUMAN Protein has a total Mw of 7.4kDa.

What is the source or expression system of CCL15 68 A.A HUMAN Protein?
Escherichia Coli.

What is the Purity of CCL15 68 A.A HUMAN Protein?
CCL15 68 A.A HUMAN Protein is > 97% pure as determined by SDS-PAGE.

What is the Biological Activity of CCL15 68 A.A HUMAN Protein?
Measured by its ability to chemoattract THP-1 human acute monocytic leukemia cells. The ED50 for this effect is typically 2-4ng/ml.

What is the amino acid sequence of CCL15 68 A.A HUMAN Protein?
SFHFAADCCT SYISQSIPCS LMKSYFETSS ECSKPGVIFL TKKGRQVCAK PSGPGVQDCM KKLKPYSI.

What applications can CCL15 68 A.A HUMAN Protein be used in?
CCL15 68 A.A HUMAN Protein can probably be used in western blot, ELISA and Lateral Flow.

What is the endotoxin level for CCL15 68 A.A HUMAN Protein?
The endotoxin level is minimal, CCL15 68 A.A HUMAN Protein was purified using conventional chromatography techniques.