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Zinc Binding Alcohol Dehydrogenase Domain Containing 2, also known as ZADH2, is a protein coding gene which is a part of the zinc-containing alcohol dehydrogenase family.

FADD is an adaptor protein that cooperates with a variety of cell surface receptors and mediates cell apoptotic signals. Using its C-terminal death domain, FADD is recruited by TNFRSF6/Fas-receptor, tumor necrosis factor receptor, TNFRSF25, and TNFSF10/TRAIL-receptor, and consequently it take parts in the death signaling initiated by these receptors. FADD interaction with the receptors reviels the N-terminal effector domain of, which allows it to recruit caspase-8, and thus initiate the cysteine protease cascade. Knockout studies in mice furthermore propose the significance of FADD in premature T cell development. FADD plays a role in survival/proliferation and cell cycle development. FADD also takes part in cellular sublocalization, protein phosphorylation, and inhibitory molecules.

C-type Lectin Domain Family 2, Member B (CLEC2B) belongs to the C-type lectin/C-type lectin-like domain (CTL/CTLD) superfamily. Members of the CTL/CTLD family share a common protein fold and have various functions, such as cell adhesion, cell-cell signaling, glycoprotein turnover, and roles in inflammation and immune response. The CLEC2B gene is closely connected to other CTL/CTLD superfamily members on chromosome 12p13 in the natural killer gene complex region. CLEC2B is expressed preferentially in lymphoid tissues, and in most hematopoietic cell types.

TNFAIP8 which is a part of the TNFAIP8 family acts as a negative mediator of apoptosis and takes part in tumor progression. TNFAIP8 suppresses the TNF-mediated apoptosis by inhibiting caspase-8 activity but not the processing of procaspase-8, resulting in inhibition of BID cleavage and activation of caspase-3.

Coagulation factor VIII participates in the intrinsic pathway of blood coagulation; factor VIII is a cofactor for factor IXa which, in the presence of Ca+2 and phospholipids, converts factor X to the activated form Xa. This gene produces two alternatively spliced transcripts. Transcript variant 1 encodes a large glycoprotein, isoform a, which circulates in plasma and associates with von Willebrand factor in a noncovalent complex. This protein undergoes multiple cleavage events. Transcript variant 2 encodes a putative small protein, isoform b, which consists primarily of the phospholipid binding domain of factor VIIIc. This binding domain is essential for coagulant activity. Defects in this gene results in hemophilia A, a common recessive X-linked coagulation disorder.

RAC1 is a GTPase which belongs to the RAS superfamily of small GTP-binding proteins. Members of this superfamily appear to regulate a diverse array of cellular events, including the control of cell growth, cytoskeletal reorganization, and the activation of protein kinases. RAC-1 regulates the actin cytoskeleton but also other cellular processes. RAC1 have been shown to be involved in the regulation of cell-cell adhesion.

TAX1BP3 holds one PDZ domain, which uses for interactions with other proteins like the interaction with the C-terminus of Rhotekin that facilitates Rho-mediated activation of the FOS serum response element. In addition, PDZ domain interacts with beta-catenin to inhibit the transcriptional activity of beta-catenin. TAX1BP3 exists in several cell lines, such as HeLa, and is expressed in small quantities in peripheral blood leukocytes.

Hexokinases phosphorylate glucose to produce glucose-6-phosphate, thus committing glucose to the glycolytic pathway. HK3 encodes hexokinase 3. Similar to hexokinases 1 and 2, this allosteric enzyme is inhibited by its product glucose-6-phosphate. Hexokinase3 lacks the hydrophobic N-terminal sequence critical for targeting to mitochondria. Hexpkinase3 may have anabolic functions, providing H6P for glycogen or lipid synthesis.

HCV is a small 50nm, enveloped, single-stranded, positive sense RNAvirus in the family Flaviviridae.
HCV has a high rate of replication with approximately one trillion particles produced each day in an infected individual. Due to lack of proofreading by the HCV RNA polymerase, the HCV has an exceptionally high mutation rate, a factor that may help it elude the host's immune response. Hepatitis C virus is classified into six genotypes(1-6) with several subtypes within each genotype. The preponderance and distribution of HCV genotypes varies globally. Genotype is clinically important in determining potential response to interferon-based therapy and the required duration of such therapy. Genotypes 1 and 4 are less responsive to interferon-based treatment than are the other genotypes (2, 3, 5 and 6).

Endonuclease III (nth) is a DNA repair enzyme which has both DNA N-glycosylase activity and AP-lyase activity. The DNA N-glycosylase activity releases numerous damaged pyrimidines from DNA by cleaving the N-glycosidic bond and leaving an AP (apurinic/apyrimidinic) site. This AP-lyase activity cleaves the phosphodiester bond 3' to the AP site by a beta-elimination, thus leaving a 3'-terminal unsaturated sugar and a product with a terminal 5'-phosphate.

SDCBP2 has two class II PDZ domains. PDZ domains assist protein-protein interactions by attaching to the cytoplasmic C-terminus of transmembrane proteins, and PDZ-containing proteins mediate cell signaling and the organization of protein complexes. SDCBP2 attaches to phosphatidylinositol 4, 5-bisphosphate (PIP2) and take part in nuclear PIP2 arrangement and cell division.

STK11, which controls cell polarity and functions as a tumour suppressor, belongs to the serine/threonine kinase family. Mutations in this gene have been linked to Peutz-Jeghers syndrome- an autosomal dominant disorder. It is characterized by the growth of polyps in the gastrointestinal tract, pigmented macules on the skin and mouth, and other neoplasms.

OTOR proteins is also known as fibrocyte-derived protein (Fdp) and Melanoma inhibitory activity-like (MIAL). Otoraplin is a member of the melanoma-inhibiting activity gene family. Otoraplin is a secreted 16 kDa globular protein that is expressed in the inner ear by periotic mesenchyme and developing and mature fibrocytes. OTOR is highly homologous to MIA/cartilage-derived retinoic acid-sensitive protein (CD-RAP), which is a cartilage-specific protein that is also expressed in malignant melanoma cells. The 111 amino acid mature human otoraplin contains 1 SH3 domain (46 – 107 amino acids) and a Tyr at position 50 that is reportedly sulfated. Otoraplin takes pasrt in the initiation of periotic mesenchyme chondrogenesis.
Otoraplin is secreted through the Golgi apparatus and plays a role in cartilage development and maintenance. A frequent polymorphism in the translation start codon of OTOR can abolish translation and may be associated with forms of deafness.

CD3-epsilonpolypeptide (CD3E) along with CD3-gamma, -delta and -zeta, and the T-cell receptor alpha/beta and gamma/delta heterodimers, creates the T-cell receptor-CD3 complex. This complex has an imperative role in coupling antigen recognition to a number of intracellular signal-transduction pathways. The genes encoding the epsilon, gamma delta polypeptides are found in the same cluster on chromosome 11. The epsilon polypeptide plays a vital role in T-cell development. CD3E gene defects cause immunodeficiency. CD3E is also linked to a susceptibility to type I diabetes in women.

Fetuin is a liver-produced negative acute phase protein composed of two subunits, the A and B chains.
Fetuin homologs have been identified in several species including rat, sheep, pig, rabbit, guinea pig, cattle, mouse and human. Multiple physiological roles for these homologs have been suggested, including ability to bind to hydroxyapatite crystals and to specifically inhibit the tyrosine kinase (TK) activity of the receptor (IR).
Fetuin-A (alpha2-Heremans-Schmid glycoprotein; AHSG) is an important circulating inhibitor of calcification in vivo, and is downregulated during the acute-phase response.
Sera from patients on long-term dialysis with low AHSG concentrations showed impaired ex-vivo capacity to inhibit CaxPO4 precipitation.
Fetuin may influence the resolution of inflammation by modulating the phagocytosis of apoptotic cells by macrophages.
ASHG blocks TGF-beta-dependent signaling in osteoblastic cells, and mice lacking ASHG display growth plate defects, increased bone formation with age, and enhanced cytokine-dependent osteogenesis.

Tubulointerstitial Nephritis Antigen Like 1 also known as TINAGL1 is similar in sequence to tubulointerstitial nephritis antigen, a secreted glycoprotein which is identified by antibodies in several types of immune-related tubulointerstitial nephritis. Three transcript variants encoding different isoforms are known for TINAGL1.

Nipsnap Homolog 1 (NIPSNAP1) belongs to the NipSnap family. NIPSNAP1 may take part in vesicular transport. A similar protein in mice inhibits the calcium channel TRPV6, and it is localized to the inner mitochondrialmembrane as well, where it may be involved in mitochondrial DNA maintenance. A pseudogene of NIPSNAP1 is located onthe short arm of chromosome 17. Among the diseases associated with NIPSNAP1 are maple syrup urine disease, and phenylketonuria.

E-selectin which is also called Endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecule 1, ELAM1, ELAM belongs to a family of divalent cation-dependent carbohydrate-binding glycoproteins or adhesion molecules. Eselectin is expressed on the surface of endothelial cells and mediates the interaction of leukocytes and platelets with endothelial cells during an inflammatory response. E-selectin is present in single copy in the human genome and contains 14 exons spanning about 13 kb of DNA.

POU2AF1 is a lymphocyte specific transcription coactivator protein. POU2AF1 cooperates only with the Oct1/2 proteins using sub domains in the POU domain of the Oct1/2 proteins, increasing their transcriptional efficiency. Even though POU2AF1 have no basic ability to bind DNA, it links firmly with the octomer motif in the presence of Oct1 and Oct2. POU2AF1 is expressed at maximum levels in spleen and peripheral blood leukocytes.

RPS3A is a member of the S3AE family of ribosomal proteins. Ribosomes, the organelles which catalyze protein synthesis, composed of a large 60S subunit and a small 40S subunit. Together these subunits consist of 4 RNA classes and around 80 structurally diverse proteins. RPS3A, a component of the 40S subunit, is a ribosomal protein that is situated in the cytoplasm. Interference of the gene encoding rat ribosomal protein S3a, in v-fos-transformed rat cells cause a degeneration of the transformed phenotype.

S100A8 is a part of the S100 family of proteins containing 2 EF-hand calcium-binding motifs. S100 proteins are localized in the cytoplasm and/or nucleus of a broad range of cells, and participate in the regulation of cellular processes such as cell cycle progression and differentiation. S100A8 plays a role in the inhibition of casein kinase and as a cytokine. S100A8 altered expression is related with cystic fibrosis disease. S100A8 is a calcium-binding protein that has antimicrobial activity against bacteria and fungi.S100A8 is crucial for resistance towards invasion by pathogenic bacteria. S100A8 up-regulates transcription of genes that are under the control of NF-kappa-B. S100A8 plays a role in the development of endotoxic shock in response to bacterial lipopolysaccharide. S100A8 endorses tubulin polymerization and promotes phagocyte migration and infiltration of granulocytes at sites of wounding. S100A8 takes part as a pro-inflammatory mediator in acute and chronic inflammation and up-regulates the release of IL8 and cell-surface expression of ICAM1.

SDF-1 (stromal cell-derived factor-1) is small cytokine belonging to the chemokine family that is officially designated Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 12 (CXCL12). It is produced in two forms, SDF-1?/CXCL12a and SDF-1?/CXCL12b, by alternate splicing of the same gene. Chemokines are characterized by the presence of four conserved cysteines, which form two disulfide bonds. The CXCL12 proteins belong to the group of CXC chemokines, whose initial pair of cysteines are separated by one intervening amino acid. CXCL12 is strongly chemotactic for lymphocytes and has been implicated as an important cell co-ordinator during development. During embryogenesis it directs the migration of hematopoietic cells from foetal liver to bone marrow. Mice which were knocked-out for CXCL12 gene were lethal before the birth or within just 1 hour of life. As another role, CXCL12a alters also the electrophysiology of neurons. CXCL12 was shown to be expressend in many tissues in mice (including brain, thymus, heart, lung, liver, kidney, spleen and bone marrow).
The receptor for this chemokine is CXCR4, which was previously called fusin. This CXCL12-CXCR4 interaction used to be considered exclusive (unlike for other chemokines and their receptors), but recently it was suggested that CXCL12 is also bound by CXCR7 receptor.
The gene for CXCL12 is located on human chromosome 10. In human and mouse both CXCL12 and CXCR4 show high identity of sequence: 99% and 90%, respectively.

Myozenin 1 (MYOZ1) is a member of the myozenin family. MYOZ1 is mostly expressed in the skeletal muscle. Members of the myozenin family act as calcineurin-interacting proteins which helps tether calcineurin to the sarcomere of cardiac and skeletal muscle. The myozenin family plays a significant role in modulation of calcineurin signaling.

Anamorsin, ( CIAPIN) is a member of anamorsin family. CIAPIN mainly expressed in the cytoplasm of liver, pancreas and heart tissue cells and does not show any homology to known apoptosis regulatory molecules of the Bcl-2 or CASP families, or to signal transduction molecules. CIAPIN1 Expression is reliant on growth factor stimulation. It is a ubiquitously expressed protein, and when it is overexpressed, it grants apoptotic resistance.