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Mitochondrial Ribosomal Protein L1 (MRPL1) exists as a component of the 39S ribosomal subunit and operates in conjunction with other MRPs to mediate protein synthesis. Mitochondrial ribosomes consist of a large 39S subunit and a small 28S subunit, both of which are consist of multiple mitochondrial ribosomal proteins (MRPs) that are encoded by nuclear genes and are vital for protein synthesis within mitochondria. MRPL1 exists as 2 isoforms produced by alternative splicing. Isoform 1 of MRPL1 is ubiquitously expressed while isoform 2 is particularly expressed in heart.

Adipocyte fatty acid binding protein FABP4 is a 15 kDa member of the intracellular fatty acid binding protein (FABP) family, which is known for the ability to bind fatty acids and related compounds (bile acids or retinoids) in an internal cavity. FABP4 is expressed in a differentiation-dependent fashion in adipocytes and is a critical gene in the regulation of the biological function of these cells.
In mice, targeted mutations in FABP4 provide significant protection from hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance in the context of both dietary and genetic obesity. Adipocytes obtained from FABP4-deficient mice also have reduced efficiency of ipolysis in vitro and in vivo, and these mice exhibited moderately improved systemic dyslipidemia. Recent studies also demonstrated FABP4 expression in macrophages upon differentiation and activation. In these cells, FABP4 modulates inflammatory responses and cholesterol ester accumulation, and total or macrophage-specific FABP4 deficiency confers dramatic protection against atherosclerosis in the apoE-/- mice. These results indicate a central role for FABP4 in the development of major components of the metabolic syndrome through its distinct actions in adipocytes and macrophages.

The Defensin family are highly similar in their protein sequence and are microbicidal & cytotoxic peptides made by neutrophils. Beta Defensin-1 is an antimicrobial peptide having the resistance of epithelial surfaces to microbial colonization. Beta Defensin-1 has close proximity to Defensin Alpha-1 and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of cystic fibrosis.
Skin of patients having atopic dermatitis patients and mycosis fungoides (non-lesional and lesional) show lower human Beta Defensin-1 mRNA expression and higher human Beta Defensin-2 and human Beta Defensin-3 mRNA expression.
BBeta Defensin is highly expressed by epithelial cells.
Beta-defensin 1 may play a role in the pathogenesis of severe sepsis.
Variation in human Beta Defensin-1 contributes to asthma diagnosis, with apparent gender-specific effects. Human Beta Defensin-3 is a dimer, while Human BD-1 and Human BD-2 are monomeric. The expression of Human BD1 is correlated with induction profiles in gingival keratinocytes.
The level of expression of human DEFB1 mRNA is lower than that of human BD3 and human BD-2 in reconstructed epidermis.
Human BD1 is down-regulated in human prostatic and renal carcinomas.

LZIC is a member of the CTNNBIP1 family. LZIC protein is universally expressed, with largest levels in kidney and up-regulated in various cases of gastric cancers. LZIC has no interaction with CTNNB1.

Frizzled-4, also known as FZD4 is a 7 ­transmembrane glycoprotein which belongs to the Frizzled family within the G-protein coupled receptor superfamily. FZD4 acts as a positive regulator of the Wingless type MMTV integration site signaling pathway. These pathways appear to include interactions with G-proteins. FZD4 is implicated in transduction as well as intercellular transmission of polarity information in the course of tissue morphogenesis and differentiated tissues.

DnaK, originally identified for its DNA replication by bacteriophage l in E. coli is the bacterial hsp70 chaperone. This protein is involved in the folding and assembly of newly synthesized polypeptide chains and in preventing the aggregation of stress-denatured proteins. Dnak(residues 508-638) of the substrate binding domain is a-helical and appears to act as a lid covering the substrate binding cleft. DnaK(amino acid 508-638) was purified to apparent homogeneity by using conventional column chromatography techniques. Additional amino acid (Met) is attached at N- terminus.

Pyruvate kinase is a key enzyme in the glycolytic pathway. The M2 isoenzyme of pyruvate kinase is specifically expressed at high levels in tumor cells, and can be measured in plasma of patients with advanced breast cancer. The marker is useful for measuring disease activity, sensitivity to chemotherapy and recurrence.

BMP2 belongs to the transforming growth factor-beta (TGFB) superfamily. Bone morphogenic protein induces bone formation. BMP2 is a candidate gene for the autosomal dominant disease of fibrodysplasia (myositis) ossificans progressiva.

Calmodulin Like 5, also known as CALML5 is a part of the calmodulin family of calcium binding proteins. CALML5 undergoes a conformational change as a result of binding calcium. CALML5 is taking part in terminal differentiation of keratinocytes and encodes a calcium binding protein expressed in the epidermis.

NCALD belongs to the neuronal calcium sensor (NCS) family. NCALD is cytosolic at inactive calcium levels; but, high intracellular calcium levels induce a conformational transformation which exposes the myristoyl group, causing protein association with membranes and partial co-localization with the perinuclear trans-golgi network. NCALD protein is a regulator of signal transduction by G protein-coupled receptor.

GID Complex Subunit 8, also known as GID8 is a member of the GID8 family. GID8 was recognized through a two hybrid-associated protein screen with RanBPM. GID8 acts together with RanBP9 and includes a protein complex with RanBPM and Muskelin.

ETHE1 is a mitochondrial sulfur dioxygenase involved in catabolism of sulfide that accumulates to toxic levels in ethylmalonic encephalopathy. Mutations of ETHE1 were detected in all the typical ethylmalonic encephalopathy patients analysed, but no ETHE1 mutations were identified in patients presenting with early onset progressive encephalopathy with ethylmalonic aciduria.

TXNL1 is a cytoplasmic protein which takes part in endocytotic signaling pathways and acts as a redox sensor. TXNL1 is universally expressed in the body and its goal is to couple oxidative stress to endocytosis, thereby regulating the GDI. Moreover, overexpression of TXNL1 inhibits cell proliferation by predisposing the cell to G0/G1 arrest, signifying that TXNL1 also functions as a transcriptional repressor.

CRP is an acute phase protein that correlates with inflammatory disease and is synthesized by hepatocytes during the acute phase response by certain cytokines (IL-1 and TNF Alpha and Beta). CRP levels increase dramatically (up to 1,000 fold) and serve as a useful marker of inflammation in such conditions as bacterial infection, rheumatoid arthritis, viral infections, transplantation rejection, meningitis, myocardial infarction, septicemia, osteomyelitis and others. CRP is also highly correlated to Serum Amyloid A levels.

Complement Component 4 Binding Protein, Beta (C4BPB) belongs to a superfamily of proteins composed primarily of tandemly arrayed short consensus repeats of approximately 60 amino acids. C4BPB has a regulatory role in the coagulation system also, mediated via the beta-chain binding of protein S, a vitamin K-dependent protein which functions as a cofactor of activated protein C. A single, unique beta-chain of the C4BPB assembles with 7 identical alpha-chains into the principal isoform of C4BPB, which is a multimeric protein that controls activation of the complement cascade via the classical pathway. C4BPB binds as a cofactor to C3b/C4b inactivator (C3bINA), which subsequently hydrolyzes the complement fragment C4b. In addition, C4BPB accelerates the degradation of the C4bC2a complex (C3 convertase) by detaching the complement fragment C2a. Furthermore, C4BPB interacts with anticoagulant protein S and with serum amyloid P component.

BCA-1 is a CXC chemokine that is highly expressed in thesecondary lymphoid organs, such as follicles of the spleen, lymph nodes, and Peyer's patches. CXCL13 promotes the migration of B lymphocytes (compared to T cells and macrophages), by stimulating calcium influx into, and chemotaxis of, cells expressing Burkitt's lymphoma receptor 1 (BLR1). BCA1 therefore function in the homing of B lymphocytes to follicles. Human BCA-1 shares a 64% amino acid sequence similarity with the mouse protein and 23 - 34% amino acid sequence identity with other known CXC chemokines. Recombinant or chemically synthesized BCA1 is a potent chemoattractant for B lymphocytes but not T lymphocytes, monocytes or neutrophils. BLR1, a G protein-coupled receptor originally isolated from Burkitt’s lymphoma cells, has now been shown to be the specific receptor for BCA1. Among cells of the hematopoietic lineages, the expression of BLR-1, now designated CXCR-5, is restricted to B lymphocytes and a subpopulation of T helper memory cells.

Lipopolysaccharide-induced TNF-alpha factor (LITAF) is a small integral membrane protein of lysosome/late endosome. The expression of inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-alpha in Lipopolysaccharide-induced processes is mediated by LITAF. LITAF connects to STAT6B, which belongs to the STAT6 family forming a complex on the TNF-alpha promoter that modifies TNF activity. High levels of expression of LITAF mRNA are observed mostly in the placenta, peripheral blood leukocytes, lymph nodes and spleen.

Histidine NADH Dehydrogenase Fe-S Protein 5 (NDUFS5) belongs to the NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) iron-sulfur protein family. NDUFS5 is a subunit of the mitochondrial membrane respiratory chain NADH dehydrogenase (Complex I), which doesn’t take part in catalysis. Complex I is transferring the electrons from NADH to the respiratory chain.

LIN7B (VELI2), is a member of the Velis family. Velis family contains minor synaptic proteins which interact with other proteins at the post-synaptic density (PSD) of neuronal synapses. Velis which contain the PDZ motif, participate in recruiting cell adhesion molecules, receptors, and channels. Lin7B protein is ubiquitously expressed with a high expression in the brain, liver, and testis. Lin7B localizes at the synaptic junctions in neurons, bind to CASK, which is a neurexin-binding protein highly concentrated in synapses, and Mint1, a binding partner with a vesicle trafficking protein.

Vascular endothelial growth factor is an important signaling protein involved in both angiogenesis and vasculogenesis.VEGF activity has been mostly studied on cells of the vascular endothelium, although it does have effects on a number of other cell types (e.g. stimulation monocyte/macrophage migration, neurons, cancer cells, kidney epithelial cells ).VEGF mediates increased vascular permeability, induces angiogenesis, vasculogenesis and endothelial cell growth, promotes cell migration, and inhibits apoptosis. In vitro, VEGF has been shown to stimulate endothelial cell mitogenesis and cell migration. VEGF is also a vasodilator and increases microvascular permeability and was originally referred to as vascular permeability factor.
Elevated levels of VEGF is linked to POEMS syndrome, also known as Crow-Fukase syndrome. Mutations in VEGF have been associated with proliferative and nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy.

The IL1RL1 gene is a member of the IL-1 receptor family, encoding a transmembrane protein with a structure similar to IL-1R1. IL1RL1 is a receptor for interleukin-33, its stimulation recruits MYD88, IRAK1, IRAK4, and TRAF6, followed by phosphorylation of MAPK3/ERK1 and/or MAPK1/ERK2, MAPK14, and MAPK8. IL1RL1 may possibly be involved in helper T-cell function. IL1RL1 is highly expressed in kidney, lung, placenta, stomach, skeletal muscle, colon and small intestine.A soluble form of the IL1RL1 is produced from the same gene by alternative splicing and was shown to be expressed in several cell types including fibroblasts and mast cells. Soluble IL1RL1 also acts as a negative regulator of Th2 cytokine production and high levels have been reported in several disease states and conditions including asthma, sepsis and myocardial infarction.Analysis of the similar gene in mouse suggested that the IL1RL1 receptor can be induced by proinflammatory stimuli, and may be involved in the function of helper T cells.

RAP2A belongs to the RAS oncogene family and a Ras-like small G protein. The RAP2A protein shares 60% identity with Rap1A and exhibits a carboxy-terminal CAAX motif and 2 upstream cysteines similar to those of the H-Ras, K-Ras and N-Ras proteins. In contrast with Rap1A and Rap1B, overexpression of RAP2A doesn’t obstruct the Ras signaling pathway.

PDGFRa is a cell surface tyrosine kinase receptor for PDGF family members. PDGFRa binds to both A and B subunits of PDGF. It is known that PDGFRa is vital for kidney development since mice heterozygous for the receptor display defective kidney phenotypes.