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USP15 belongs to the ubiquitin specific protease (USP) family of deubiquitinating enzymes which has a vital role in ubiquitin-dependent processes through polyubiquitin chain disassembly and hydrolysis of ubiquitin-substrate bonds. USP15 connects with the COP9 signalosome, and takes part in transforming growth factor beta signalling through deubiquitination of receptor-activated SMAD transcription factors. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding multiple isoforms of this gene are known, and a pseudo gene of USP15 is sited on the long arm of chromosome 2.

Otubain 1 (OTUB1) belongs to the ovarian tumor (OUT) superfamily of predicted cysteine proteases and inhibits cytokine gene transcription in the immune system through its interaction with a ubiquitin protease and E3 ubiquitin ligase. OTUB1 is a highly specific ubiquitin iso-peptidase, it cleaves ubiquitin from branched poly-ubiquitin chains but not from ubiquitinated substrates. OTUB1 is believed to work in specific ubiquitin-dependent pathways, possibly by providing an editing function of polyubiquitin chain growth. OTUB1 is a hydrolase that removes conjugated ubiquitin from proteins in vitro and may therefore have a significant regulatory role in the level of protein turnover by preventing degradation. Additionally, OTUB1 is a regulator of T-cell anergy, a phenomenon that occurs when T-cells are rendered impassive to antigen re-challenge and no longer respond to their cognate antigen. OTUB1 acts via its interaction with RNF128/GRAIL, which is an essential inductor of CD4 T-cell anergy.

ER Lipid Raft Associated 2 (ERLIN2) is a domain-containing protein which is a member of the band 7/mec-2 family. ERLIN2 is a ubiquitously expressed 339 amino acid protein.ERLIN2 which is localized to the lipid raft-like domains in the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), plays a key role in the ER-associated degradation (ERAD) pathway that eliminates metabolically regulated and abnormal proteins from the ER.

Profilin1 (PFN1) is a ubiquitous actin monomer-binding protein which is a member of the profilin family. PFN1 significantly boosts skin wound healing in-vitro and in-vivo which may be mediated by purinergic receptors. PFN1 is also active in endothelial cell migration and vessel sprouting. PFN1 is thought to control actin polymerization in response to extracellular signals. PFN1 binds to actin and affects the formation of the cytoskeleton. In addition, PFN1 has an important role in the regulation of epithelial cell-cell adhesion. At high concentrations, profilin averts the polymerization of actin, while at low concentrations it enhances the polymerization. PFN1 gene deletion is linked to Miller-Dieker syndrome.

UBE2T is part of the E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme family that participates in the protein degradation pathway. UBE2T catalyzes the ATP-dependent attachment of ubiquitin to target proteins, thus tagging them for subsequent destruction by the proteasome. UBE2T is an important factor of the Faconi anemia pathway of DNA damage repair and, upon self-inactivation, may negatively regulate the Faconi pathway.

UBE2W receives ubiquitin from the E1 complex and catalyzes its covalent attachment to other proteins. In vitro, UBE2W catalyzes monoubiquitination and 'Lys-11'-linked polyubiquitination. UBE2W is broadly expressed, particularly at highest levels in the testis.

UNG is a member of the Uracil-DNA glycosylase family. One of his functions is to prevent mutagenesis by eliminating uracil from DNAmolecules by cleaving the N-glycosylic bond and initiating the base-excision repair (BER) pathway. Uracil basesare formed as a result of cytosine deamination or misincorporation of dUMP residues. After a mutation is formed, the mutagenicthreat of uracil propagates through any subsequent DNA replication steps. Among the diseases associated with UNG are: congenital rubella, and immunodeficiency with hyper igm type 4.

"Epiregulin is part of the EGF family. Epiregulin functions as a ligand of EGFR, as well as a ligand of most members of the ERBB (v-erb-b2 oncogene homolog) family of tyrosine-kinase receptors.Epiregulin is expressed mostly in the placenta and peripheral blood leukocytes and in specific carcinomas of the bladder, lung, kidney and colon. Epiregulin stimulates the proliferation of keratinocytes, hepatocytes, fibroblasts and vascular smooth muscle cells. Epiregulin inhibits the growth of several tumor-derived epithelial cell lines. Human Epiregulin is initially synthesized as a glycosylated 19.0 kDa transmembrane precursor protein, which is processed by proteolytic cleavage to produce a 6.0 kDa mature secreted sequence."

USP46 is a part of a large family of cysteine proteases that function as deubiquitinating enzymes which interacts with WDR48 to have a high activity. USP46 operates by mediating the deubiquitination of GAD1/GAD67.

OTOR proteins is also known as fibrocyte-derived protein (Fdp) and Melanoma inhibitory activity-like (MIAL). Otoraplin is a member of the melanoma-inhibiting activity gene family. Otoraplin is a secreted 16 kDa globular protein that is expressed in the inner ear by periotic mesenchyme and developing and mature fibrocytes. OTOR is highly homologous to MIA/cartilage-derived retinoic acid-sensitive protein (CD-RAP), which is a cartilage-specific protein that is also expressed in malignant melanoma cells. The 111 amino acid mature human otoraplin contains 1 SH3 domain (46 – 107 amino acids) and a Tyr at position 50 that is reportedly sulfated. Otoraplin takes pasrt in the initiation of periotic mesenchyme chondrogenesis.
Otoraplin is secreted through the Golgi apparatus and plays a role in cartilage development and maintenance. A frequent polymorphism in the translation start codon of OTOR can abolish translation and may be associated with forms of deafness.

Ubiquitin thioesterase OTUB2 (OTUB2) is a member of the peptidase C65 family. OTUB2 functions as a hydrolase which can remove conjugated ubiquitin from proteins in vitro and may thus play a key regulatory role at the level of protein turnover by preventing degradation.

Tachykinin-1 (TAC1) belongs to the tachykinin peptide hormone family. TAC1 are a family of peptides which have similar biologic activities and share a common C-terminal sequence, phe-X-gly-leu-met-NH2, however they have distinct N-terminal sequences that convey receptor specificities. TAC1 is assumed to act as neurotransmitters which interact with nerve receptors and smooth muscle cells. TAC1 induces behavioral responses and serves as vasodilators and secretagogues.

PPIL1 belongs to the cyclophilin family of peptidylprolyl isomerases (PPIases).
The cyclophilins are a well conserved, ubiquitous family, members of which take an significant part in protein folding, immunosuppression by cyclosporin A, and infection of HIV-1 virions. PPIL1 protein increases the folding of proteins and catalyze the cis-trans isomerization of proline imidic peptide bonds in oligopeptides. PPIL1 is involved in proliferation of cancer cells through modulation of phosphorylation of stathmin. PPIL1 is a novel molecular target for colon-cancer therapy.

UBE2E1 belongs to the E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme family. UBE2E1 accepts ubiquitin from the E1 complex and catalyzes its covalent attachment to other proteins. UBE2E1 catalyzes the covalent attachment of ISG15 to other proteins. UBE2E1 mediates the selective degradation of short-lived and abnormal proteins. In vitro, UBE2E1 also catalyzes 'Lys-48'-linked polyubiquitination.

rRNA-processing protein UTP23 homolog (UTP23) is a small subunit (SSU) processome component. The SSU processome is a complex involved in ribosome biogenesis and essential for pre-18S rRNA maturation. UTP23 is vital for the first 3 cleavage steps in 18S rRNA maturation. Furthermore, single-point mutations in the conserved putative active site of Utp24 but not Utp23 annul its function in ribosome biogenesis.

Upstream Transcription Factor 1 (USF1) belongs to the basic helix-loop-helix leucine zipper family, and functions as a cellular transcription factor. USF1 activates transcription via pyrimidine-rich initiator (Inr) elements and E-box motifs. The USF1 gene has been linked to familial combined hyperlipidemia (FCHL). USF1 is a transcription factor which binds to a symmetrical DNA sequence (E-boxes) (5'-CACGTG-3') found in a various viral and cellular promoters.

Prolactin-inducible protein (PIP) is a main protein component of benign breast gross cysts. PIP is a famous indicator of breast cancer, since it is found in around 50% of all breast cancer specimens. PIP is expressed in exocrine glands, in pathologic conditions, in breast cysts and breast cancers exhibiting apocrine features. PIP and prostate specific antigen are co-expressed in androgen receptor-positive breast tumours.

UBE2D1 is a member of the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme family. Ubiquitination involves at least 3 classes of enzymes: ubiquitin-activating enzymes (E1s), ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes (E2s) and ubiquitin-protein ligases (E3s). UBE2D1 is strongly related to a stimulator of iron transport (SFT), and is up-regulated in hereditary hemochromatosis. In addition, UBE2D1 functions in the ubiquitination of the tumor-suppressor protein p53 and the hypoxia-inducible transcription factor HIF1alpha by interacting with the E1 ubiquitin-activating enzyme and the E3 ubiquitin-protein ligases.

Streptavidin is a tetrameric protein secreted by Streptomyces avidinii which binds firmly to biotin. Streptavidin is widely used in molecular biology through its unique high affinity for the vitamin biotin. The dissociation constant (Kd) of the biotin-streptavidin complex is about ~10-15 mol/L. The strong affinity recognition of biotin and biotinylated molecules has made streptavidin one of the most important components in diagnostics and laboratory kits. The streptavidin/biotin system has one of the biggest free energies of association of yet observed for noncovalent binding of a protein and small ligand in aqueous solution (K_assoc = 10**14). The complexes are also extremely stable over a wide range of temperature and pH.

Regulatory Factor X-Associated Ankyrin-Containing Protein (RFXANK) contains ankyrin repeats involved in protein-protein interactions. RFXANK, along with regulatory factor X-associated protein and regulatory factor-5, figures a complex which binds to the X box motif of certain MHC class II gene promoters and activates their transcription. After bound to the promoter, this complex associates with the non-DNA-binding factor MHC class II transactivator, which controls the cell type specificity and inducibility of MHC class II gene expression. Mutations in RFXANK have been linked to bare lymphocyte syndrome type II, complementation group B.

PMSG Hormone is a well know used hormone together with progestogen to increase ovulation just before to artificial insemination. PMSG hormone is a placental glycoprotein produced from the serum of pregnant mares. PMSG comprises of an alfa subunit and a beta subunit. PMSG hormone is secreted from endometrial cups within the pregnant mare uterus aging from 40 to 130 days into their maturation, and once extracted, it can been used to promote artificially estrus in female animals. These assemblies produce PMSG hormone to induce mare's ovarian and repsouctive structures. PMSG can induce the growth of follicles by ovaries and results in ovulatation. PMSG hormone has an about a 4 day half-life of bioactivity in species other than horses. The extended biological activity can cause ovarian stimulation and ovulation. However, PMSG use alone often causes cystic ovarian disease because of the unrestrained ovarian stimulation and due to the sugar molecules which decrease clearance of the hormone. PMSG is more likely to be used than other pituitary hormones due to the extended circulatory half-life. PMSG solely exhibits luteinizing hormone like activity, however in other animal classes it has FSH & LH like activity.

Ankyrin Repeat Family A2, also known as ANKRA2 contains 5 ANK repeats. ANKRA2 assist endocytosis by linking megalin to components of the cytoskeleton or endocytic machinery.

Phl p 7.0101 is a secondary allergen of timothy grass pollen, which is non-glycosylated protein. Grass pollen-sensitized individuals show IgE antibodies in their blood system. Phl p 7.0101 is a calcium binding protein with similar sequence to pollen antigens that exist in different plants, hence, cross-reactions are possible.

E.Coli Uracil DNA Glycosilase (UNG) catalyses the release of free Uracil from Uracil-containing DNA. UNG efficiently hydrolyzes uracil from signle-stranded or double-stranded DNA, but not from oligomers (6 fewer bases).