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Placental Lactogen is a polypeptide hormone that is produced by the Syncytiotrophoblasts of the Placenta.Placental Lactogen has both GH and Prolactin activities on growth, lactation, and luteal steroid production. In women, placental lactogen secretion begins soon after implantation and increases to 1 g or more a day in late pregnancy. Placental Lactogen Bovine is also capable of activating human and other heterologous GH receptors.

Cor a 9, an 11S legumin-like seed storage globulin is a major allergen from Corylus avellana. Cor a 9 is associated with severe systemic reactions. Sensitization to Cor a 9 indicates primary hazelnut allergy.

APOA1 (Apolipoprotein A-1) is a human protein with a specific role in lipid metabolism being the main protein component of HDL in the plasma. APOA1 promotes cholesterol efflux from tissues to the liver for excretion. Furthermore, APOA1 is a cofactor for LCAT, which is responsible for the formation of most plasma cholesteryl esters. In addition, APOA1 activates spermatozoa motility as part of the SPAP complex. The APOA1 gene is strongly linked with two other apolipoprotein genes on chromosome 11. Defects in the APOA1 gene are linked to HDL deficiency including Tangier disease, and with systemic non-neuropathic amyloidosis. High levels of APOA1 are linked to the manifestation of asthma and atopy.

AMTN is a member of the amelotin family. AMTN is a lately discovered secreted enamel protein. AMTN mainly expressed during the maturation stage of enamel formation. AMTN gathers in a basal lamina-like structure at the interface between ameloblasts and enamel mineral and it co-localizes with one more lately described enamel protein, odontogenic ameloblast- related protein (ODAM(.

PDGF-AA, PDGF-BB and PDGF-AB, are potent mitogens for a variety of cell types including smooth muscle cells, connective tissue cells, bone and cartilage cells, and some blood cells. The PDGF is stored in platelet alpha-granules and released upon platelet activation. The PDGF is involved in a number of biological processes, including hyperplasia, chemotaxis, embryonic neuron development, and respiratory tubule epithelial cell development. Two distinct signaling receptors used by PDGF
have been identified and named PDGFR-alpha and PDGFR-beta. PDGFR-alpha is high-affinity receptor for each of the three PDGF forms. On the other hand, PDGFR-beta interacts with only PDGF-BB and PDGF-AB.

Inhibins are dimeric peptide hormones produced by female ovarian granulose cells and male Sertoli cells as well as a variety of other tissues. Inhibins have two isoforms, A and B, with the same alpha subunit but different beta subunits. Inhibin A is a dimer of alpha and beta A subunits, inhibin B is a dimer of alpha and beta B subunits.
Inhibins are thought to inhibit the production of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) by the pituitary gland. In addition, Inhibins are also thought to play a role in the control of gametogenesis, and embryonic and fetal development.

General Transcription Factor IIA, 1 (GTF2A1) in a complex along with TBP mediates transcriptional activity. GTF2A1 is a part of the transcription machinery of RNA polymerase II and is also participates in transcriptional activation.

S100A8 is a part of the S100 family of proteins containing 2 EF-hand calcium-binding motifs. S100 proteins are localized in the cytoplasm and/or nucleus of a broad range of cells, and participate in the regulation of cellular processes such as cell cycle progression and differentiation. S100A8 plays a role in the inhibition of casein kinase and as a cytokine. S100A8 altered expression is related with cystic fibrosis disease. S100A8 is a calcium-binding protein that has antimicrobial activity against bacteria and fungi.S100A8 is crucial for resistance towards invasion by pathogenic bacteria. S100A8 up-regulates transcription of genes that are under the control of NF-kappa-B. S100A8 plays a role in the development of endotoxic shock in response to bacterial lipopolysaccharide. S100A8 endorses tubulin polymerization and promotes phagocyte migration and infiltration of granulocytes at sites of wounding. S100A8 takes part as a pro-inflammatory mediator in acute and chronic inflammation and up-regulates the release of IL8 and cell-surface expression of ICAM1.

Tumor necrosis factor is a cytokine involved in systemic inflammation and is a member of a group of cytokines that all stimulate the acute phase reaction. TNF is mainly secreted by macrophages.
TNF causes apoptotic cell death, cellular proliferation, differentiation, inflammation, tumorigenesisand viral replication, TNF is also involved in lipid metabolism, and coagulation. TNF's primary role is in the regulation of immune cells.
Dysregulation and, in particular, overproduction of TNF have been implicated in a variety of human diseases- autoimmune diseases, insulin resistance, and cancer.

The Melanoma Inhibitory protein (MIA) was identified as an inhibitor of in vitro growth of malignant melanoma cells. The protein contains a SH3 domain. MIA acts as a potent tumor cell growth inhibitor for malignant melanoma cells and some other neuroectodermal tumors, including gliomas, in an autocrine fashion. In a study of human melanoma cell lines with different metastatic capacity MIA mRNA expression appeared to be inversely correlated with pigmentation. MIA has been shown to represent a very sensitive and specific serum marker for systemic malignant melanoma that might be useful for staging of primary melanomas, detection of progression from localized to metastatic disease during follow-up, and monitoring therapy of advanced melanomas.

IL-1 alpha is produced by activated macrophages, stimulates thymocyte proliferation by inducing il-2 release, b-cell maturation and proliferation, and fibroblast growth factor activity. IL1A proteins are involved in the inflammatory response, being identified as endogenous pyrogens, and are reported to stimulate the release of prostaglandin from synovial cells.

Amnion Associated Transmembrane Protein (AMN) is a type I transmembrane protein. The AMN protein is essential for efficient absorption of vitamin B12. AMN is assumed to modulate bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) receptor function by acting as an accessory or coreceptor thus facilitating or hindering BMP binding. A complex of AMN and cubilin forms the cubam receptor.

Acidic fibroblast growth factor is a member of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family. FGF family members possess broad mitogenic and cell survival activities, and are involved in a variety of biological processes, including embryonic development, cell growth, morphogenesis, tissue repair, tumor growth and invasion. FGF1 functions as a modifier of endothelial cell migration and proliferation, as well as an angiogenic factor.FGF1 acts as a mitogen for a variety of mesoderm- and neuroectoderm-derived cells in vitro, thus is thought to be involved in organogenesis. Three alternatively spliced variants encoding different isoforms have been described. The binding growth factors are angiogenic agents in vivo and are potent mitogens for a variety of cell types in vitro. There are differences in the tissue distribution and concentration of these 2 growth factors.

S100A14 belongs to a subfamily of proteins related by EF-hand Ca2+ binding protein superfamily. The extracellular functions of the S100 family include the ability to boost neurite outgrowth, involvement in inflammation, and motility of tumor cells. S100A14 contains 2 EF-hand Ca2+-binding domains, a myristoylation motif, a glycosylation site, and a number of potential protein kinase phosphorylation sites. S100A14 is expressed at high levels in the colon and at moderate levels in the thymus, kidney, liver, small intestine, and lung.

Amine Oxidase Copper Containing 1 or AOC1 is n enzyme, part of the copper-containing amine oxidase group of proteins. AOC1 is responsible for oxidation of many different biogenic amines, such as neurotransmitters, xenobiotic amines & histamine. Dietary histamine intolerance and histaminosis can be caused from AOC1 deficiencies. This enzyme can also cause Tumor Progression by AKT & EMT transduction promotion in stomach cancer.

APOA1 (Apolipoprotein A-1) is a human protein with a specific role in lipid metabolism being the main protein component of HDL in the plasma. APOA1 promotes cholesterol efflux from tissues to the liver for excretion. Furthermore, APOA1 is a cofactor for LCAT, which is responsible for the formation of most plasma cholesteryl esters. In addition, APOA1 activates spermatozoa motility as part of the SPAP complex. The APOA1 gene is strongly linked with two other apolipoprotein genes on chromosome 11. Defects in the APOA1 gene are linked to HDL deficiency including Tangier disease, and with systemic non-neuropathic amyloidosis. High levels of APOA1 are linked to the manifestation of asthma and atopy.

REG protein was shown to be stimulated during the regeneration of pancreatic islets. Since then, many Reg-related proteins have been identified in humans and other animals. In human, the four REG family genes, i.e., REG 1 alpha, REG 1 beta, REG-related sequence (RS) and HIP/PAP, have so far been isolated. These Reg-related proteins are classified into four subfamilies according to their amino-acid sequences, but they share a similar structure and physiological function. Reg protein is a growth factor for pancreatic beta cells and also suggests that the administration of Reg protein could be used as another therapeutic approach for diabetes mellitus. Human REG cDNA which encodes a 166-amino acid protein with a 22-amino acid signal peptide. The amino acid sequence of human REG protein has 68% homology to that of rat Reg protein.
Reg I was found to be expressed mainly in pancreatic beta and acinoductular cells as well as gastric fundic enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells. Reg I production in ECL cells is stimulated by gastrin, as well as by the proinflammatory cytokine, cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant (CINC)-2Beta. In patients with chronic hypergastrinemia, Reg production is stimulated, with the increased proliferation of gastric mucosal cells. Patients with Helicobacter pylori infection also showed increased Reg production in the gastric mucosa, partly via increased plasma gastrin concentration and partly via increased proinflammatory cytokine production. The serum concentration of the reg-protein was significantly higher in patients with various pancreatic diseases than in normal controls, and was also significantly higher in patients with acute pancreatitis or chronic relapsing pancreatitis than in patients with chronic pancreatitis. Furthermore, the serum PSP/reg-protein concentration was also significantly increased in liver cirrhosis, choledocholithiasis, and various cancers of the digestive system.

Protein A is a cell wall component produced by several strains of Staphylococcus aureus. The recombinant Protein A is genetically engineered protein and holds 5 IgG-binding regions of protein A. Recombinant Protein A functions basically the same as native Protein A and is perfect for purification of polyclonal or monoclonal IgG antibodies. Protein A binds to human IgG1, IgG2 and IgG4, mouse IgG2a, IgG2b and IgG3 and rat IgG2c. Protein A also binds to total IgG from rabbit, pig, dog, cat, and guinea pig.

Forty-two antigenic domains were identified across the hepatitis A virus (HAV) polyprotein by using a set of 237 overlapping 20-mer synthetic peptides spanning the entire HAV polyprotein. Nineteen antigenic domains were found within the structural proteins, and 22 were found within the nonstructural proteins, with 1 domain spanning the junction of VP1 and P2A proteins. Five of these domains were considered immunodominant, as judged by both the breadth and the strength of their immunoreactivity. One domain is located within the VP2 protein at position 57-90 aa. A second domain, located at position 767-842 aa, contains the C-terminal part of the VP1 protein and the entire P2A protein. A third domain, located at position 1403-1456 aa, comprises the C-terminal part of the P2C protein and the N-terminal half of the P3A protein. The fourth domain, located at position 1500-1519 aa, includes almost the entire P3B, and the last domain, located at position 1719-1764 aa, contains the C-terminal region of the P3C protein and the N-terminal region of the P3D protein. Four of the five most immunoreactive domains are derived from small HAV proteins and/or encompass protein cleavage sites separating different HAV proteins.

Lamin-A is a major component of the nuclear lamina, a dynamic meshwork located just under the nuclear envelope and it is encoded by lamin A/C gene (LMNA).
Lamin-A is synthesized as Prelamin A, a longer precursor that in vivo goes through a serial post-translational modifications that lead to mature Lamin A.
Diverse mutations in the Lamin A/C gene are associated with different diseases that are collectively called laminophaties, including Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy, familiar partial lipodystrophy, limb girdle muscular dystrophy, dilated cardiomyopathy, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, and Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome.

ACAA1 is part of the thiolase family of enzymes and is takes part in lipid metabolism. ACAA1 enzyme is localized to the peroxisome and catalyzes the conversion of acyl-CoA and acetyl-CoA to 3-oxoacyl-CoA in the fatty acid oxidation pathway. ACAA1 shows high enzymatic activity in liver, kidney, intestine and white adipose tissue in rats. ACAA1 deficiency causes pseudo-Zellweger syndrome.

The retinoid X receptor (RXR) is a pleiotropic nuclear receptor transcription factor that interacts with a variety of nuclear receptor dimeric partner. RXR binds cognate response elements as a homodimer in the presence of its ligand, 9-cis retinoic acid, or as a heterodimer with other members of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily including retinoic acid receptors (RAR), thyroid hormone receptors (TR), vitamin D receptors and peroxisome proliferators-activated receptors (PPAR). The RXR family includes three different isoforms; RXR a, b, g . Human RXR a gene is localized on 9q34.9 and encodes two major isoforms (RXR a1, RXR a2). The DNA binding domain of RXR (111-228aa) was purified by using conventional column chromatography techniques.

The protein kinase A holoenzyme is a heterotetramer composed of two types of subunits: Catalytic and Regulatory. The Catalyticsubunit contains the enzyme's active site. It also contains a domain that binds ATP and a domain that binds the regulatory subunit. The Regulatory subunit consists oftwo molecules which bind one another in an anti-parallel orientation to form a homodimer; for type I subunits- this binding is covalent via disulfide bonds. This subunit also has has two domains that bind cyclic AMP, a domain that interacts with a catalytic subunit, and an "auto-inhibitory" domain that serves as a substrate or pseudosubstrate for the catalytic subunit. Regulatory subunits may also have biologic activity distinct from their role in modulating catalytic subunit activity. Regulatory subunits exist in two major forms, RI and RII, with each form having two subtypes designated alpha and beta. Each of the four isotypes of the regulatory subunit is encoded by a different gene. In addition, three isotypes of the catalytic subunit have been identified (alpha, beta and gamma). The different isotypes tend to have different distributions within cells and among tissues. Type I enzymes inhabit cytoplasmic, soluble fractions of the cell, whereas type II enzymes tend to associate with cellular membranes.