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Peptidase Inhibitor 3, also referred to PI3, is neutrophil and pancreatic elastase-specific inhibitor of skin. The protein may prevent elastase mediated tissue proteolysis. PI3 has shown inhibition of alpha-4-beta-2/CHRNA2-CHRNB2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, a weak inhibition on Kv11.1/KCNH2/ERG1 and on the transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1.

Pro-opiomelanocortin preproprotein (POMC) is a polypeptide hormone precursor which experiences extensive, tissue-specific, post-translational processing via cleavage by subtilisin-like enzymes known as prohormone convertases. POMC regulates the corticosteroid production in the adrenal cortex. Furthermore, POMC is cleaved into ten hormone chains named NPP, g-MSH, ACTH, a-MSH, CLIP, Lipotropin b, Lipotropin g, b-MSH,b endorphin and Met-enkephalin. POMC gene defects are the cause of POMC deficiency, which is characterized by red hair and adrenal insufficiency.

PDRG1 is a 133 amino acid protein that localizes to the cytoplasm and belongs to the prefoldin subunit beta family. PDRG1 is expressed primarily in normal testicular tissue, it is functionally induced by ultraviolet light and is thought to have a role in chaperone-mediated protein folding, possibly having a role in cellular degradation. PDRG1 is linked to Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, spinal muscular atrophy, ring chromosome 20 epilepsy syndrome and Alagille syndrome.

Zinc Finger Protein 689 (ZNF689) is a member of the krueppel C2H2-type zinc-finger protein family. The ZNF689 protein contains 12 C2H2-type zinc fingers and 1 KRAB domain. ZNF689 may be involved in transcriptional regulation.

The PI3Kb isoform can be activated by insulin via the insulin receptor to initiate a cascade of events that control cell growth and metabolism. The activation of
PI3Kb is mediated by the p85 regulatory subunit binding to tyrosine phosphorylated insulin receptor substrate (IRS) proteins (e.g. IRS-1 and IRS-2).
It was also shown that PI3Kb is involved in apoptosis in human colon carcinoma cells. Injection of neutralizing antibodies specific to p110b in WiDr,
HCT116 and CO 115 adenocarcinoma cells inhibited de novo DNA synthesis.
PI3Kb is the major PI3K isoform required for apoptotic cell and Fc-g receptor mediated phagocytosis shown for primary mouse macrophages and the Jurkat human leukemia T cell line.
It was shown by several research groups that the catalytic subunit of PI3Kb can be activated by Gbg subunits of G-protein coupled receptors.

Proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase MER is a protein, this enzyme is coded from the MERTK gene. This gene is a part of the TYRO3/AXL/MER receptor kinase group and encodes a transmembrane protein with two fibronectin type-III domains, two Ig-like C2-type (immunoglobulin-like) sites, and one tyrosine kinase site. Mutations in this gene have been correlated with interruption of the retinal pigment epithelium phagocytosis process and commencement of autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa.

Dickkopf-related protein 3 (DKK3) belongs to the DKK protein family including Dkk-1, 2, 3 and -4. DKK3 is a 350 amino acid secreted glycoprotein which is comprised of an N-terminal signal peptide and 2 conserved cysteine-rich domains that are separated by a 12 amino acid linker region. DKK3 is involved in embryonic development through its inhibition of the WNT signaling pathway. DKK3 gene expression is decreased in a variety of cancer cell lines and it may act as a tumor suppressor gene.

POU2AF1 is a lymphocyte specific transcription coactivator protein. POU2AF1 cooperates only with the Oct1/2 proteins using sub domains in the POU domain of the Oct1/2 proteins, increasing their transcriptional efficiency. Even though POU2AF1 have no basic ability to bind DNA, it links firmly with the octomer motif in the presence of Oct1 and Oct2. POU2AF1 is expressed at maximum levels in spleen and peripheral blood leukocytes.

GREM1 belongs to the BMP (bone morphogenic protein) antagonist family. Like BMPs, BMP antagonists comprise cystine knots and usually form homo- and heterodimers. The CAN (cerberus and dan) subfamily of BMP antagonists, to which GREM1 belongs, is characterized by a C-terminal cystine knot with an eight-membered ring. The antagonistic effect of the secreted glycosylated protein is because of its direct binding to BMP proteins. As an antagonist of BMP, GREM1 takes a place in regulating organogenesis, body patterning, and tissue differentiation. In mouse, GREM1 has been shown to convey the sonic hedgehog (SHH) signal from the polarizing region to the apical ectodermal ridge during limb bud outgrowth. Alternatively merged transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene.

Oncostatin M is a member of a cytokine family that includes leukemia-inhibitory factor, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, and interleukin 6. This gene encodes a growth regulator which inhibits the proliferation of a number of tumor cell lines. It regulates cytokine production, including IL-6, G-CSF and GM-CSF from endothelial cells.

Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from mice with experimentally induced allergic pulmonary inflammation contains a novel 9.4 kDa cysteine-rich secreted protein, RELM-alpha (FIZZ1, found in inflammatory zone). RELM-alpha is a secreted protein that has a restricted tissue distribution with highest levels in adipose tissue stroma. Murine RELM-alpha (FIZZ1) is the founding member of a new gene family including two other murine genes expressed, respectively, in intestinal crypt epithelium (RELM-beta) and white adipose tissue (Resistin), and two related human genes.
RELMalpha inhibits the differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes into adipocytes but has no effect on proliferation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. RELMalpha is able to form heterooligomers with resistin but not RELMbeta. Since RELMalpha is expressed by adipose tissue and it is a secreted factor, our findings suggest that RELMalpha may be involved in the control of the adipogenesis as well as in the process of muscle differentiation.
In the lung, RELM-alpha is induced by hypoxia and was renamed as hypoxia-induced mitogenic factor (HIMF). HIMF strongly activated Akt phosphorylation. The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor LY294002 (10 micromol/L) inhibited HIMF-activated Akt phosphorylation. It also inhibited HIMF stimulated RPSM proliferation. Thus, the PI3K/Akt pathway, at least in part, mediates the proliferative effect of HIMF. Further studies showed that HIMF had angiogenic and vasoconstrictive properties. HIMF increased pulmonary arterial pressure and vascular resistance. Further studies suggest that HIMF regulates apoptosis and may participate in lung alveolarization and maturation.

Zinc Finger HIT-Type Containing 1 (ZNHIT1) is a member of the ZNHIT1 family and contains 1 HIT-type zinc finger. The ZNHIT1 protein is induced by DNA damage and appears to have a role in p53-mediated apoptosis induction. ZNHIT1 interacts with MAPK11 and MAPK14 and is a component of the chromatin-remodeling SRCAP complex composed of at least SRCAP, DMAP1, RUVBL1, RUVBL2, ACTL6A, YEATS4, ACTR6 and ZNHIT1. ZNHIT1 binds to NR1D2 and discharges it of its inhibitory effect on the transcription of APOC3 without affecting its DNA-binding activity.

P85a functions as the regulatory subunit of the class IA PI3-kinase isoforms a, b, and d.
It contains two SH2 domains that bind to tyrosine-phosphorylated growth factor receptors or substrate adaptor proteins.
It also contains a BH (breakpoint cluster region homology) domain that shows GAP activity towards the small GTPases Rab4, Rab5, Cdc42, Rac1 and to a lesser extend towards Rab6 and Rab11.
It was shown that PI3Ka catalytic subunit mediated phosphorylation of the p85a adapter reduces the lipid kinase activity of the heterodimer and this gives hints for PI3K-dependent signaling events not requiring production of 3’-phosphorylated phosphoinositides.
PI3Ka protein kinase activity has been implicated in IRS-1 serine phosphorylation in insulin-treated adipocytes and in STAT3 and IRS-1 phosphorylation upon activation of the type 1 IFN receptor by IFN-a.

Oncostatin M is a member of a cytokine family that includes leukemia-inhibitory factor, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, and interleukin 6. This gene encodes a growth regulator which inhibits the proliferation of a number of tumor cell lines. It regulates cytokine production, including IL-6, G-CSF and GM-CSF from endothelial cells.

Peptidylprolyl Isomerase C (PPIC) belongs to the peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase (PPIase) family. PPIases catalyze the cis-trans isomerization of proline imidic peptide bonds in oligopeptides and hasten the folding of proteins. Like other PPIases, PPIC binds immunosuppressant cyclosporin A.

Macrophage Inflammatory Proteins (MIP) belong to the family of chemotactic cytokines known as chemokines. In humans, there are two major forms, MIP-1? and MIP-1? that are now officially named CCL3 and CCL4 respectively. Both are major factors produced by macrophages after they are stimulated with bacterial endotoxins. They activate human granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils) which can lead to acute neutrophilic inflammation. They also induce the synthesis and release of other pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin 1 (IL-1), IL-6 and TNF-? from fibroblasts and macrophages. The genes for CCL3 and CCL4 are both located on human chromosome 17.

Homeodomain-only protein (HOPX) functions via its interaction with SRF, thus modulating the expression of SRF-dependent cardiac-specific genes and cardiac development. HOPX inhibits SRF-dependent transcription either by hindering SRF binding to DNA or by engaging histone deacetylase (HDAC) proteins which prevent transcription by SRF. HOPX is a homeodomain protein which lacks certain conserved residues required for DNA binding. HOPX overexpression causes cardiac hypertrophy.

IFN-gamma produced by lymphocytes activated by specific antigens or mitogens.
IFN-gamma, in addition to having antiviral activity, has important immunoregulatory functions, it is a potent activator of macrophages, and has antiproliferative effects on transformed cells and it can potentiate the antiviral and antitumor effects of the type I interferons.

Macrophage Inflammatory Proteins belong to the family of chemotactic cytokines known as chemokines. In humans, there are two major forms, MIP-1a and MIP-1b that are now also named CCL3 and CCL4. Both factors are produced by macrophages after they are stimulated with bacterial endotoxins. MIP-1a and MIP-1b activate human granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils) which can lead to acute neutrophilic inflammation. MIP-1a and MIP-1b induce synthesis and release of other pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-6 and TNF-alpha from fibroblasts and macrophages. CCL3 and CCL4 genes are both located on human chromosome 17.

SORBS3 is an SH3 domain-containing adaptor protein. The existence of SH3 domains in the SORBS3 protein have a role in its capability to attach to other cytoplasmic molecules and contribute to cystoskeletal organization, cell adhesion and migration, signaling, and gene expression. Various transcript variants encoding different isoforms are known for this gene.

Ras-related protein Rab-3D (RAB3D) belongs to the Ras superfamily of small Rab GTPases. Rab proteins play a vital role for, either in endocytosis or in biosynthetic protein transport. Rab3D mRNA is primarily expressed in white adipose tissue and, coincident with GLUT4, increases upon differentiation of 3T3-L1 fibroblasts. Rab3D exhibits close structural similarities with Rab 3A, an isoform which is functionally associated with regulated exocytosis in various cell types.

OCIA domain-containing protein 2 (OCIAD2) is a protein-coding gene which localizes to endosomes and contains one Ovarian carcinoma immunoreactive antigen (OCIA) domain. Among the associated diseases with OCIAD2 are bronchiolo-alveolar adenocarcinoma, and ovarian mucinous neoplasm. OCIAD1 is an important paralog of this gene.

PDLIM1, a cytoplasmic protein linked to the cytoskeleton, belongs to the enigma protein family. PDLIM1 holds two protein interacting domains - PDZ domain at the amino terminal end and one to three LIM domains at the carboxyl terminal. PDLIM1 enables bringing other LIM interacting proteins to the cytoskeleton. Pseudogenes related to PDLIM1 are situated on chromosomes 3, 14 and 17.

Inhibitor of Growth Family Member 1, also known as ING1 is a tumor suppressor protein which is able to induce cell growth arrest and apoptosis. ING1 is a nuclear protein which physically act together with the tumor suppressor protein TP53 and is a component of the p53 signaling pathway. In addition, Reduced expression and rearrangement of ING1 have been identified in various cancers. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been described for ING1.