Search results

Leptin Receptor is a part of the gp130 family of cytokine receptors that stimulate gene transcription by activating cytosolic STAT proteins. Leptin Receptor plays a role in the regulation of fat metabolism and in novel hematopoietic pathway that is obligatory for normal lymphopoiesis. Leptin Receptorparticipates in the regulation of counter-regulatory response to hypoglycemia by inhibiting neurons of the parabrachial nucleus.Leptin Receptoraffectsspecifically on T lymphocyte responses.

A 16-kDa peptide hormone secreted from white adipocytes and implicated in the regulation of food intake and energy balance. Leptin provides the key afferent signal from fat cells in the feedback system that controls body fat stores.

RAB27A is part of the small GTPase superfamily, Rab family. RAB27A is membrane-bound and participates in protein transport and small GTPase mediated signal transduction. Mutations in this RAB27A are associated with Griscelli syndrome type 2. RAB27A is involved in cytotoxic granule exocytosis in lymphocytes.RAB27A is necessary for both granule maturation and granule docking and priming at the immunologic synapse.

IGFBP1 is a member of the insulin-like growth factor binding protein (IGFBP) family and encodes a protein with an IGFBP domain and a thyroglobulin type-I domain. The protein binds both insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) I and II and circulates in the plasma. Binding of this protein prolongs the half-life of the IGFs and alters their interaction with cell surface receptors. Alternate transcriptional splice variants, encoding different isoforms, have been characterized.

Dynactin 6, also known as DCTN6 is a member of the dynactin subunits 5/6 family. DCTN6 includes an RGD (Arg-Gly-Asp) motif in the N-terminal region, which confers adhesive properties to macromolecular proteins such as fibronectin. DCTN6 has a high degree of sequence resemblance with the mouse homolog, which has been found to participate in mitochondrial biogenesis. Moreover, the precise biological function of DCTN6 is unknown.

Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II DO Beta (HLA-DOB) is a part of the HLA class II beta chain paralogues. This class II beta chain is a heterodimer which is located in intracellular vesicles and consists of an alpha (DOA) and a beta chain (DOB), both anchored in the membrane. HLA-DOB which interacts with the HLA-DM molecule in B-cells is a significant modulator in the HLA class II restricted antigen presentation pathway. Class II molecules are expressed in antigen presenting cells such as B lymphocytes, dendritic cells and macrophages.

Tubby-related protein 1 (TULP1) belongs to the TULP family of 4 proteins (TUB and TULP1, -2, and -3), categorized structurally by the highly conserved C-terminal half of the protein. Tubby-like gene family (TULPs) members are found in plants, vertebrates, and invertebrates and encode proteins of unknown function. TULP proteins share a conserved C-terminal region of roughly 200 amino acid residues. In the retina, TULP1 is observed exclusively in the photoreceptor cells, localizing predominantly in the inner segments and connecting cilium and to a lesser degree in the perinuclear cytoplasm and synaptic termini. TULP1 gene mutations are linked with retinitis pigmentosa.

Endothelial sialomucin (Endomucin) interferes with the assembly of focal adhesion complexes and inhibits interaction between cells and the extracellular matrix. Endomucin is expressed in the heart, kidney and lung.

Brain Expressed X-Linked 1 (BEX1) which participates in cell cycle progression and neuronal differentiation, is a signaling adapter molecule involved in p75NTR/NGFR signaling. BEX1 inhibits neuronal differentiation in response to nerve growth factor. BEX1 links between the cell cycle and neurotrophic factor signaling by acting as an upstream modulator of receptor signaling, adjusting biological responses to external signals with internal cellular states.

Bcl2 modifying factor, is a member of the Bcl2 protein family of apoptosis mediators. Bcl2 modifying factor is widely expressed in many tissues.
Bcl2 modifying factor contains a single Bcl2 homology domain 3 (BH3), and binds Bcl2 proteins and functions as an apoptotic activator. Also, Bcl2 modifying factor is important for histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors which alters the balance between acetylation and deacetylation, significantly increasing histone acetylation, while strongly inducing apoptosis in a variety of cancer cell types. Bcl2 modifying factor supports Bim in regulating cell death processes in response to many stimuli. A synergistic role for bim and Bcl2 modifying factor in an apoptotic pathway leading to the clearance of Neisseria gonorrhoeae -infected cells.

Dickkopf-related protein 3 (DKK3) belongs to the DKK protein family including Dkk-1, 2, 3 and -4. DKK3 is a 350 amino acid secreted glycoprotein which is comprised of an N-terminal signal peptide and 2 conserved cysteine-rich domains that are separated by a 12 amino acid linker region. DKK3 is involved in embryonic development through its inhibition of the WNT signaling pathway. DKK3 gene expression is decreased in a variety of cancer cell lines and it may act as a tumor suppressor gene.

CD68 encodes a 110-kD transmembrane glycoprotein that is highly expressed by human monocytes and tissue macrophages. It is a member of the lysosomal/endosomal-associated membrane glycoprotein (LAMP) family. The protein primarily localizes to lysosomes and endosomes with a smaller fraction circulating to the cell surface. It is a type I integral membrane protein with a heavily glycosylated extracellular domain and binds to tissue- and organ-specific lectins or selectins. The protein is also a member of the scavenger receptor family. Scavenger receptors typically function to clear cellular debris, promote phagocytosis, and mediate the recruitment and activation of macrophages. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcripts encoding different isoforms.

The 14-3-3 family of proteins plays a key regulatory role in signal transduction, checkpoint control, apoptotic and nutrient-sensing pathways. 14-3-3 proteins are highly conserved and ubiquitously expressed. There are at least seven isoforms, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ? and ? that have been identified in mammals. The 14-3-3 tau, a subtype of the 14-3-3 family of proteins, was found in T Cells, brain and testes. This 14-3-3 tau is upregulated in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

Paraoxonase-1 or PON1 is part of the paraoxonase group of proteins. PON1 is an enzyme, responsible to the toxic metabolites of a different of organophosphorus insecticides hydrolyzation. Furthermore, PON1 is a dominant anti-atherosclerotic part of HDL. The enzyme needs PPAR-gamma for activation, leading to synthesis and release of paraoxonase 1 from the liver tissue, resulting in atherosclerosis reduction. PON1 has many qualities for atheroprotective through inflammatory lipid peroxides metabolism. This enzyme can hydrolyze a large number of substrates, for example cyclic carbonates, lactones, nerve gases etc.

Obestatin is a hormone that is produced in the cells lining the stomach and small intestine of several mammals including humans; it drastically reduces appetite in mice and is expected to do the same in humans. Obestatin is a peptide hormone - a relatively small protein. It is encoded by the same gene that also encodes ghrelin, a peptide hormone that increases appetite. The protein produced by that gene breaks into two smaller peptides, ghrelin and obestatin. Ghrelin is an endogenous ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor and is involved in regulating growth hormone release. Ghrelin is derived from a preprohormone called preproghrelin, which also generates a second peptide called obestatin. Ghrelin is an endogenous ligand for the orphan G protein-coupled receptor GPR39 and is involved in satiety and decreased food intake.

Glypican-3 (GPC3) belongs to the glypican family, and is highly expressed in the lung, liver, and the kidney. In some tissues, GPC3 functionss as a tumor suppressor gene and an oncofetal protein. The Glypican-3 protein is currently considered as a tumor marker and potential target for immunotherapy. Glypican-3 binds to and inhibits the dipeptidyl peptidase activity of CD26, and it can also induce apoptosis in certain cell types. Deletion mutations in the GPC3 gene are linked with Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome, aka Simpson dysmorphia syndrome.

Egl Nine Homolog 3 (EGLN3) belongs to the EGLN family of prolyl hydroxylases. EGLN3 catalyzes hydroxylation of the ? subunit of hypoxia-inducible factor-?, which targets hypoxia-inducible factor-? for ubiquitination by a ubiquitin ligase complex containing the von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) tumor suppressor. EGLN3 is the most significant isozyme in limiting physiological activation of HIFs (especially HIF2A) in hypoxia. EGLN3 is activated in cardiovascular cells and Hela cells after exposure to hypoxia. In addition, EGLN3 hydroxylates PKM2 in hypoxia, thus limiting glycolysis. Under normoxia, EGLN3 hydroxylates and regulates the stability of ADRB2. EGLN3 is inhibited by polynitrogen compounds possibly by chelation to Fe2+ ions.

The human cytomegalovirus UL99-encoded pp28 is a myristylated phosphoprotein that is a constituent of the virion. The pp28 protein is positioned within the tegument of the virus particle, a protein structure that resides between the capsid and envelope. In the infected cell, pp28 is found in a cytoplasmic compartment derived from the Golgi apparatus, where the virus buds into vesicles to acquire its final membrane.

A 16-kDa peptide hormone secreted from white adipocytes and implicated in the regulation of food intake and energy balance. Leptin provides the key afferent signal from fat cells in the feedback system that controls body fat stores.

High mobility group protein HMG-I/HMG-Y (HMGA1) belongs to the non-histone chromosomal high mobility group protein (HMG) family. HMGA1 is composed of a highly conserved AT-hook DNA-binding domain which mediates binding to AT-rich sequences in the minor groove of chromosomal DNA. HMGA1 functions as an architectural chromatin-binding transcription factor modifying the conformation of DNA by modulating nuclear protein-DNA complexes. Furthermore, HMGA1 is involved in numerous cellular processes including growth regulation, viral induction of beta-IFN gene and regulation of inducible gene transcription.

lysozyme G-like 2 and LYGH (LYG2), is a member of the glycosyl hydrolase 23 family. Lysozyme takes part in human innate immunity by causing bacterial cell lysis. LYG2 contains a SLT domain, a protein domain present in bacterial lytic transglycosylase (SLT) and in eukaryotic lysozymes (GEWL). SLT domain catalyzes the cleavage of the beta-1,4-glycosidic bond between N-acetylmuramic acid (MurNAc) and N-acetyglucosamine (GlcNAc).

Bcl-2-like protein 11 (BCL2L11) is a member of the Bcl-2 family and contains a Bcl-2 homology domain 3 (BH3). BCL2L11 expression can be stimulated by nerve growth factor (NGF), in addition to the forkhead transcription factor (FKHR-L1) which proposes a role of the BCL2L11 gene in neuronal and lymphocyte apoptosis. BCL2L11 interacts with other members of the BCL-2 protein family, including BCL2, BCL2L1/BCL-X(L), and MCL1, and acts as an apoptotic activator. BimEL, BimL and BimS are the main isoforms which are ubiquitously expressed with a tissue-specific variation. The Isoform Bim-gamma, on the other hand, is most abundantly expressed in the small intestine and colon, and in lower levels in spleen, prostate, testis, heart, liver and kidney.