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NMNAT1 enzyme is vital for NAD biosynthesis, catalyzing the condensation of nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) or nicotinic acid mononucleotide (NaMN) with the AMP moiety of ATP to form NAD or NaAD. NMNAT1 is widely expressed with high levels in skeletal muscle, heart, liver and kidney. This protein appears to have the ability to protect against axonal degeneration following mechanical or toxic insults.

N-6 Adenine-Specific DNA Methyltransferase 1, also known as N6AMT1 is part of the methyltransferase family. N6AMT1 is implicated in the methylation of release factor I during translation termination. In addition, N6AMT1 is involved in converting the arsenic metabolite monomethylarsonous acid to the less toxic dimethylarsonic acid.

Antioxidant enzyme Glutathione S- Transferase (GST) is thought to do the primary cellular defense mechanism against reactive oxygen species. GST reduces lipid hydroperoxides through its Se-independent glutathione peroxidase activity. The enzyme also detoxifies lipid peroxidation end products such as 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE).
The soluble GST is a 26 kDa protein which occurs as a dimer in all aerobic organisms. Each monomer has two domains, one that binds GSH and is an /-structure similar to thioredoxin and the other, all helical, that binds the hydrophobic substrate. The GST -fusion protein expression system is a widely used recombinant protein expression system that allows a peptide or a regulatory protein domain to be expressed as a fusion to the C-terminus of Schistosoma japonicum GST. Fusion proteins also possess GST -enzymatic activity and can undergo dimerization similar to in vivo. The fusion protein can be purified via GST -affinity column chromatography. In most cases, the desired peptides or domains are removed from GST by applying a specific protease that recognizes and cleaves the linker between the protein domain and GST. The technique has been widely used to generate different kinds of proteins for crystallization, molecular immunology studies, the production of vaccines and studies involving protein-protein and protein-DNA interactions.

Beta-1,3-glucuronyltransferase 3 (B3GAT3) is involved in forming the linkage tetrasaccharide present in heparan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate. B3GAT3 has a part in the biosynthesis of l2/HNK-1 carbohydrate epitope on glycoproteins. B3GAT3 shows strict specificity for Gal-beta-1,3-Gal-beta-1,4-Xyl, exhibiting negligible incorporation into other galactoside substrates including Galbeta1-3Gal beta1-O-benzyl, Galbeta1-4GlcNAc and Galbeta1-4Glc.

L-threonine to glycine degradation consists of a two-step biochemical pathway which involvs the enzymes L-threonine dehydrogenase and 2-amino-3-ketobutyrate coenzyme A ligase. L-Threonine is initially converted into 2-amino-3-ketobutyrate by L-threonine dehydrogenase. Glycine C-Acetyltransferase (GCAT) is the 2nd enzyme in this pathway, which subsequently catalyzes the reaction between 2-amino-3-ketobutyrate and coenzyme A to form glycine and acetyl-CoA. The GCAT enzyme is regard as a class II pyridoxal-phosphate-dependent aminotransferase. GCAT is strongly expressed in the heart, brain, liver and pancreas. GCAT is also found in lung.

Renalase (RNLS) is a flavin adenine dinucleotide-dependent amine oxidase which is secreted into the blood from the kidney. RNLS acts as a hormone which metabolizes circulating catecholamines that have an active role in the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. High catecholamine concentration activates plasma RNLS and promotes its secretion and synthesis.

Adenosine Deaminase (ADA), also recognized as ADAT2 is an enzyme that takes part in purine metabolism. ADAT2 is necessary for the breakdown of adenosine from food and for the turnover of nucleic acids in tissues. ADAT2 is involved in the deamination of adenosine-34 to inosine in numerous tRNAs. ADAT2 is part of the cytidine and deoxycytidylate deaminase protein family, ADAT2 employs zinc as a cofactor. ADAT2 is a 191 amino acid enzyme that exists as two isoforms formed by alternative splicing events.

DIM1 dimethyladenosine transferase 1 homolog (DIMT1) is a member of the methyltransferase superfamily. The DIMT1 enzyme specifically dimethylates 2 adjacent adenosines in the loop of a conserved hairpin near the 3'-end of 18S rRNA in the 40S particle. DIMT1 is restricted to the nucleolus.

DLAT gene encodes component E2 of the multi-enzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC). PDC is located in the inner mitochondrial membrane and catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl coenzyme A. The protein product of this gene, dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase, takes acetyl groups created by the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate and transfers them to coenzyme A. Dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase is the antigen for antimitochondrial antibodies which are found in about 95% of patients with the autoimmune liver disease primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC). In patients who suffer from this illness, activated T lymphocytes attack and destroy epithelial cells in the bile duct where this protein is abnormally distributed and overexpressed. PBC ultimately leads to cirrhosis and liver failure. Mutations in DLAT are also a cause of pyruvate dehydrogenase E2 deficiency which causes primary lactic acidosis in infancy and early childhood.

Tissue plasminogen activator (abbreviated PLAT or tPA) is a secreted serine proteasewhich converts the proenzymeplasminogento plasmin, a fibrinolyticenzyme. Plasminogen is synthesized as a single chain which is cleaved by PLAT into the two chain disulfide linked plasmin.
This enzyme plays a role in cell migrationand tissue remodeling. Increased enzymatic activity causes hyperfibrinolysis, which manifests as excessive bleeding; decreased activity leads to hypofibrinolysiswhich can result in thrombosisor embolism.

Mannoside Acetylglucosaminyltransferase 2 (MGAT2) is a golgi enzyme catalyzing an vital step in the conversion of oligomannose to complex N-glycans. MGAT2 enzyme has the characteristic glycosyltransferase domains: a short N-terminal cytoplasmic domain, a hydrophobic non-cleavable signal-anchor domain, and a C-terminal catalytic domain. MGAT2 gene mutations may lead to carbohydrate-deficient glycoprotein syndrome, type II.

NAA10 is a member of the acetyltransferase family. NAA10 interacts with NAA15, HIF-1 and with the ribosome. In its binding to HIF-1, NAA10 functions as a protein acetyltransferase by regulating its stability. In various cell lines, NAA10 is downregulated in response to hypoxia. NAA10 is expressed during the course of the development of the brain.

General control of amino acid synthesis protein 5 like 2 (KAT2A) is a member of the GCN5 family. KAT2A functions as a histone acetyltransferase (HAT) to promote transcriptional activation. Acetylation of histones gives a specific tag for epigenetic transcription activation. KAT2A interacts with Ku70, TAF9, transcription initiation protein SPT3 homolog, TADA2L, Ku80 and DDB1.

GALM is a main enzyme of carbohydrate metabolism catalysing the translation of beta-D-galactose to alpha-D-galactose. GALM is needed for normal galactose metabolism by preserveing the equilibrium of alpha and beta anomers of galactose. GALM is required for the production of complex oligosaccharides.

NMNAT1 enzyme is vital for NAD biosynthesis, catalyzing the condensation of nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) or nicotinic acid mononucleotide (NaMN) with the AMP moiety of ATP to form NAD or NaAD. NMNAT1 is widely expressed with high levels in skeletal muscle, heart, liver and kidney. This protein appears to have the ability to protect against axonal degeneration following mechanical or toxic insults.

Betaine-Homocysteine Methyltransferase 2 (BHMT2) is involved in the regulation of homocysteine metabolism. Homocysteine is a sulfur-containing amino acid which has a key role in methylation reactions. Transfer of the methyl group from betaine to homocysteine generates methionine, which donates the methyl group to methylate DNA, proteins, lipids, and other intracellular metabolites. BHMT2 is one of two methyl transferases which can catalyze the transfer of the methyl group from betaine to homocysteine. BHMT2 converts homocysteine to methionine using S-methylmethionine (SMM) as a methyl donor. Homocysteine metabolism anomalies are implicated in disorders varying from vascular disease to neural tube birth defects such as spina bifida.

Core 1 Beta3-Gal-T1 also known as,C1GALT1 creates the common core 1 O-glycan structure, Gal-beta-1-3GalNAc-R, by the transfer of Gal from UDP-Gal to GalNAc-alpha-1-R. Core 1 is a precursor for lots of extended mucin-type O-glycans on cell surface and secreted glycoproteins. Studies in mice have shown that this gene takes a main role in angiogenesis, thrombopoiesis and kidney homeostasis.

COMT catalyzes the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) to catechol substrates such as the neurotransmitters. This O-methylation results in one of the main degradative pathways of the catecholamine transmitters. COMT COMT is located in the postsynaptic neuron and is involved in the metabolism of catechol estrogen drugs used in the treatment of hypertension, asthma, Parkinson disease and the inactivation of catecholamine neurotransmitters though enzymatic degradation. COMT appears in tissues in 2 forms, a soluble form and a membrane-bound form which differ in their N-termini. COMT inhibitors increase its availability and are used in the treatment of patients with Parkinson's disease.

Spermidine/Spermine N1-Acetyltransferase 2, also known as SAT2 catalyzes the acetylation of polyamines (Acetyl-CoA + an alkane-alpha,omega-diamine = CoA + an N-acetyldiamine).

Glycylpeptide N-tetradecan-oyltransferases 2 (NMT2) is a cytoplasmic protein which is a member of the NMT family of proteins. The proteins in the NMT family catalyze the addition of a myristoyl group to the N-terminal glycine residue of eukaryotic, fungal and viral proteins. These proteins are mostly detected in the heart, gut, kidney, liver and placenta. NMT catalyzes the reaction of N-terminal myristoylation of various signaling proteins. NMT transfers myristic acid from myristoyl coenzyme A to the amino group of a protein's N-terminal glycine residue. There are several distinct NMTs which vary in the molecular weight and /or subcellular distribution.

Betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase (BHMT) is a cytosolic enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of betaine and homocysteine to dimethylglycine and methionine, respectively. BHMT displays differential expression in a model of liver cirrhosis.

GSTT2 belongs to the glutathione s-transferase (GST) family of proteins. There are eight GST proteins families, named alpha, kappa, mu, omega, pi, sigma, theta and zeta. Each one of the GST families has several proteins with different functions throughout the cell. The theta type members GSTT1 and GSTT2 have a 55% aa sequence homology and hold a vital role in human carcinogenesis. The theta genes are structurally similar – each has five exons with identical exon/intron boundaries.

MAT2B is part of the methionine adenosyltransferase family. MAT2B catalyzes the biosynthesis of S-adenosylmethionine from methionine and ATP. MAT2B is the regulatory beta subunit of MAT. MAT2B expression in hepatoma cell lines increases DNA synthesis and thus take part in cell proliferation.

The AsnRS enzyme is a member of the ligases family, specifically those forming carbon-oxygen bonds in aminoacyl-tRNA and related compounds. An asparagine-tRNA ligase is an enzyme which catalyzes the chemical reaction: ATP + L-asparagine + tRNAAsn AMP + diphosphate + L-asparaginyl-tRNAAsn. The three substrates of the AsnRS enzyme are ATP, L-asparagine, and tRNA(Asn), whereas its three products are AMP, diphosphate, and L-asparaginyl-tRNA(Asn).