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I-TAC is a small cytokine belongs to the CXC chemokinen family which also called inducible T-cell alpha chemoattractant and IP-9. I-TAC is expressed mainly in peripheral blood leukocytes, liver and pancreas with moderate levels in spleen, thymus and lung and low levels in small intestine, placenta and prostate. IFN-g and IFN-b induces strongly gene expression of I-TAC. The I-TAC chemokine elicits its effects on its target cells by interacting with the cell surface chemokine receptor CXCR3, with a higher affinity than do the other ligands for this receptor, CXCL9 and CXCL10.

Human Ubiquitin Carboxyl-Terminal Hydrolase L1 (UCH-L1) is an important enzyme involved in the ubiquitin-proteasome system, which regulates protein degradation and turnover in cells.

UCHL1 Function:

UCHL1 mainly removes ubiquitin molecules from proteins, thereby recycling ubiquitin and regulating protein stability. This action is important for controlling various cellular processes and maintaining cellular homeostasis and.

UCHL1 Structure

UCHL1 is characterized by a catalytic domain which facilitates its hydrolase activity, allowing it to cleave ubiquitin from substrates.

UCHL1 Role in Neurodegeneration

UCHL1 has been implicated in neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer's disease. Its expression levels and activity can affect neuronal survival and function.

UCH-L1 is also studied in the context of cancer. Altered levels of UCHL1 may affect on tumour progression and response to therapy.

UCHL1 Biomarker Potential

UCHL1 is being investigated as a potential biomarker for diseases, especially neurodegenerative disorders due to its involvement in various pathologies.

UCHL1 Research

Ongoing studies focus on understanding its role in various cellular contexts, its regulation, and its potential as a therapeutic target.

In conclusion, UCHL1 is a very important component of cellular regulation, with implications in health and disease.

What is the molecular weight/Mw of MIP 1A MOUSE Protein?
MIP 1A MOUSE Protein has a total Mw of 7.82kDa.

What is the source or expression system of MIP 1A MOUSE Protein?
Escherichia Coli.

What is the Purity of MIP 1A MOUSE Protein?
MIP 1A MOUSE Protein is >99% pure as determined by SDS-PAGE.

What is the Biological Activity of MIP 1A MOUSE Protein?
The Activity is calculated by the ability to chemoattract of Balb3/C splenocytes using 1-10ng/ml corresponding to a Specific Activity of 100,000-1,000,000IU/mg.

What is the amino acid sequence of MIP 1A MOUSE Protein?
The sequence of the first five N-terminal amino acids was determined and was found to be, Ala-Pro-Tyr-Gly-Ala.

What applications can MIP 1A MOUSE Protein be used in?
MIP 1A MOUSE Protein can probably be used in western blot, ELISA and Lateral Flow.

What is the endotoxin level for MIP 1A MOUSE Protein?
The endotoxin level is minimal, MIP 1A MOUSE Protein was purified using conventional chromatography techniques.

AITRL Human Recombinant: Unraveling its Significance in Immune Modulation and Therapeutic Implications

1. Abstract

This research paper provides a comprehensive examination of AITRL Human Recombinant, an essential protein involved in immune modulation. By exploring its structure, signaling mechanisms, biological functions, and implications in disease pathology, we shed light on the potential therapeutic applications of AITRL in immune-related disorders.

2. Introduction

AITRL, also known as TNFSF18, is a receptor protein belonging to the tumor necrosis factor superfamily. It plays a crucial role in immune regulation and has emerged as an intriguing target for therapeutic interventions in various immune-mediated conditions.

3. Structure and Signaling of AITRL

AITRL is a transmembrane protein with a conserved TNF domain. It interacts with its receptor, AITR (TNFRSF18), leading to downstream signaling events that modulate immune cell function. The binding of AITRL to AITR promotes immune cell activation and cytokine production.

4. Biological Functions of AITRL

AITRL is involved in the regulation of immune responses by influencing T-cell activation, proliferation, and differentiation. It can stimulate effector T-cell responses while also promoting the development and function of regulatory T cells, thus maintaining immune homeostasis.

5. AITRL in Disease Pathology

Dysregulation of AITRL signaling has been implicated in various immune-related disorders, including autoimmune diseases, allergic reactions, and cancer. AITRL's involvement in disease pathology highlights its significance as a potential therapeutic target.

6. Therapeutic Potential of AITRL

The unique role of AITRL in immune modulation presents opportunities for therapeutic interventions. Modulating AITRL signaling holds promise for manipulating immune responses in the context of autoimmune diseases, allergic disorders, and cancer immunotherapy.

7. Conclusion and Future Perspectives

While our understanding of AITRL and its functions has advanced significantly, further research is needed to unravel its complex signaling pathways and therapeutic potential fully. Continued investigations into AITRL biology will pave the way for the development of targeted therapies for immune-related disorders.

What is the molecular weight/Mw of AITRL Protein?
AITRL Protein has a total Mw of 15.6kDa.

What is the source or expression system of AITRL Protein?
Escherichia Coli.

What is the Purity of AITRL Protein?
AITRL Protein is >85% pure as determined by SDS-PAGE.

What is the Biological Activity of AITRL Protein?
The biological functionality of AITRL Protein will be determined in the future.

What is the amino acid sequence of AITRL Protein?
MQLETAKEPC MAKFGPLPSK WQMASSEPPC VNKVSDWKLE ILQNGLYLIY GQVAPNANYN DVAPFEVRLY KNKDMIQTLT NKSKIQNVGG TYELHVGDTI DLIFNSEHQV LKNNTYWGII LIANPQEISL EHHHHHH.

What applications can AITRL Protein be used in?
AITRL Protein can probably be used in western blot, ELISA and Lateral Flow.

What is the endotoxin level for AITRL Protein?
The endotoxin level is minimal, AITRL Protein was purified using conventional chromatography techniques.

This factor was found in the conditioned medium of the human neuroepithelioma cell line SHEP1 and the mouse myoblast cell line C2C12ras. The cDNA encoding a protein of 498 amino acids was isolated by using a secretion-trap expression cloning procedure exploiting the presence of a signal sequence present in growth factors that are secreted by producer cells (Davis et al, 1996). Murine and human factors show 97 % identity at the amino acid level. For a related factor see: CDT6. The human gene has been mapped to chromosome 8q22.3-q23 (Cheung et al, 1998).

The expression of angiopoietin-1 mRNA is downregulated by PDGF, EGF, IL1-beta, and TGF-beta (Enholm et al, 1997).

Angiopoietin-1 is a ligand for the receptor-like tyrosine kinase designated TIE-2 (Davis et al, 1996). Binding of Angiopoietin-1 to its receptor induces tyrosine phosphorylation of the cytoplasmic receptor domain. A naturally occuring antagonist of Angiopoietin-1 binding to TIE-2 is Angiopoietin-2. Angiopoietin-1 also binds to the TIE-1 receptor and this interaction appears to be critical for the development of the right-hand side venous system. It is dispensable for the left-hand side venous system, suggesting that right-hand and left-hand side vascular networks are established early before asymmetrical features of the network become morphologically discernible Loughna and Sato, 2001).

Angiopoietin-1 does not directly promote the growth of cultured endothelial cells. Angiopoietin-1 is chemotactic for endothelial cells (Witzenbichler et al, 1998). Excess soluble TIE-2 receptors abolish the chemotactic response of endothelial cells toward angiopoietin-1. Angiopoietin-1 has been shown to counteract cell death by apoptosis in cultured endothelial cells (Holash et al, 1999). Angiopoietin-1 also acts as an apoptosis survival factor for endothelial cells and this effect is augmented by the presence of VEGF (Kwak et al, 1999).

Angiopoietin-2 dose-dependently blocks directed migration toward Angiopoietin-1. Carlson et al (2001) have shown that Ang-1 binds rather selectively to vitronectin and that Ang-1 can directly support adhesion of human umbilical vein endothelial cells and fibroblasts in a process mediated by integrins.

The physiologic roles of Angiopoietin-1 and its receptor are limited to angiogenic processes that occur subsequent to the earlier vasculogenic and angiogenic actions of the VEGF family and their receptors. However, it is unlike most of the known angiogenesis factors such as VEGF and other classical endothelial cell growth factors in that addition of the factor to cultures of endothelial cells does not directly promote cell growth even though the TIE-2 receptor becomes activated. Angiopoietin-1 also appears to be incapable of inducing the formation of tubules by endothelial cells.

Angiopoietins can potentiate the effects of other angiogenic cytokines. An investigation of the impact of angiopoietins on neovascularization in vivo in the cornea micropocket assay of neovascularization demonstrates that neither Angiopoietin-1 nor Angiopoietin-2 alone promote neovascularization. Holash et al (1999) have shown that a subset of tumors initially grows by coopting existing host vessels. Regression of these vessels via a process that involves disruption of interactions between endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells as well as cell death by apoptosis of endothelial cells first causes loss of tumour cells before angiogenesis begins at the tumor margin and the tumor is rescued under the influence of VEGF, Angiopoietin-1, and probably other angiogenic stimuli.

The embryonic expression pattern of Angiopoietin-1 suggests that it plays a particularly important role in the developing heart. Angiopoietin-1 is expressed highly in the myocardial wall surrounding the endocardium expressing TIE-2. Expression of Angiopoietin-1 becomes much more widespread later in development.

ANGPT1 Protein has a total Mw of 55.6kDa.

What is the source or expression system of ANGPT1 Protein?
Escherichia Coli.

What is the Purity of ANGPT1 Protein?
ANGPT1 Protein is >85% pure as determined by SDS-PAGE.

What is the Biological Activity of ANGPT1 Protein?
The biological functionality of ANGPT1 Protein will be determined in the future.

What is the amino acid sequence of ANGPT1 Protein?
MSNQRRSPEN SGRRYNRIQH GQCAYTFILP EHDGNCREST TDQYNTNALQ RDAPHVEPDF SSQKLQHLEH VMENYTQWLQ KLENYIVENM KSEMAQIQQN AVQNHTATML EIGTSLLSQT AEQTRKLTDV ETQVLNQTSR LEIQLLENSL STYKLEKQLL QQTNEILKIH EKNSLLEHKI LEMEGKHKEE LDTLKEEKEN LQGLVTRQTY IIQELEKQLN RATTNNSVLQ KQQLELMDTV HNLVNLCTKE GVLLKGGKRE EEKPFRDCAD VYQAGFNKSG IYTIYINNMP EPKKVFCNMD VNGGGWTVIQ HREDGSLDFQ RGWKEYKMGF GNPSGEYWLG NEFIFAITSQ RQYMLRIELM DWEGNRAYSQ YDRFHIGNEK QNYRLYLKGH TGTAGKQSSL ILHGADFSTK DADNDNCMCK CALMLTGGWW FDACGPSNLN GMFYTAGQNH GKLNGIKWHY FKGPSYSLRS TTMMIRPLDF

What applications can ANGPT1 Protein be used in?
ANGPT1 Protein can probably be used in western blot, ELISA and Lateral Flow.

What is the endotoxin level for ANGPT1 Protein?
The endotoxin level is minimal, ANGPT1 Protein was purified using conventional chromatography techniques.

What is the molecular weight/Mw of IFNG MOUSE, HIS Protein?
IFNG MOUSE, HIS Protein has a total Mw of 18.2kDa.

What is the source or expression system of IFNG MOUSE, HIS Protein?
Escherichia Coli.

What is the Purity of IFNG MOUSE, HIS Protein?
IFNG MOUSE, HIS Protein is >90% pure as determined by SDS-PAGE.

What is the Biological Activity of IFNG MOUSE, HIS Protein?
The biological functionality of IFNG MOUSE, HIS Protein will be determined in the future.

What is the amino acid sequence of IFNG MOUSE, HIS Protein?
MGSSHHHHHH SSGLVPRGSH MGSHMHGTVI ESLESLNNYF NSSGIDVEEK SLFLDIWRNW QKDGDMKILQ SQIISFYLRL FEVLKDNQAI SNNISVIESH LITTFFSNSK AKKDAFMSIA KFEVNNPQVQ RQAFNELIRV VHQLLPESSL RKRKRSRC.

What applications can IFNG MOUSE, HIS Protein be used in?
IFNG MOUSE, HIS Protein can probably be used in western blot, ELISA and Lateral Flow.

What is the endotoxin level for IFNG MOUSE, HIS Protein?
The endotoxin level is minimal, IFNG MOUSE, HIS Protein was purified using conventional chromatography techniques.