Search results

PPIL1 belongs to the cyclophilin family of peptidylprolyl isomerases (PPIases).
The cyclophilins are a well conserved, ubiquitous family, members of which take an significant part in protein folding, immunosuppression by cyclosporin A, and infection of HIV-1 virions. PPIL1 protein increases the folding of proteins and catalyze the cis-trans isomerization of proline imidic peptide bonds in oligopeptides. PPIL1 is involved in proliferation of cancer cells through modulation of phosphorylation of stathmin. PPIL1 is a novel molecular target for colon-cancer therapy.

Protein tyrosine phosphatase type IVA 1 (PTP4A1) is a cell signaling molecule that has regulatory roles in a variety of cellular processes. PTP4A1 is a unique nuclear PTP which is induced in regenerating liver and mitogen stimulated cells. PTP4A1 is primarily expressed in the spleen, bone marrow, thymus, lymph nodes, T lymphocytes and tonsil and is overexpressed in tumor cell lines.

CTSE or cathepsin E is an intracellular aspartic protease from the pepsin protein family. CTSE has a crucial part in protein degradation, creating bioactive proteins & processing antigens. The enzyme is responsible for cleaving at B site, Swedish mutant of amyloid precursor protein and the enzyme shows reactivity with the wild-type APP.

GAPDH is a catalytic enzyme normally known to play a role in glycolysis. GAPDH exists as a tetramer composed of 36-kDa subunits and has a range of intracellular functions. GAPDH catalyzes the reversible reduction of 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphophate in the presence of NADPH. Besides functioning as a glycolytic enzyme in cytoplasm, GAPDH has function in intracellular processes such as membrane fusion, microtubule bundling, phosphotransferase activity, nuclear RNA export, DNA replication and DNA repair. GAPDH catalyzes a vital energy-yielding step in carbohydrate metabolism, the reversible oxidative phosphorylation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate in the presence of inorganic phosphate and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD). The enzyme exists as a tetramer of identical chains.

HDAC2 is a member of the histone deacetylase family that performs through the construction of large multiprotein complexes and are in charge of the deacetylation of lysine residues on the N-terminal region of the core histones. HDAC2 forms transcriptional repressor complexes by relating to a diversity of proteins, like YY1- a mammalian zinc-finger transcription factor.
In addition, HDAC2 has a vital part in transcriptional regulation, cell cycle progression and developmental procedures.

CNDP Dipeptidase 2 (CNDP2), is a cytosolic, non-specific dipeptidase which is a part of the peptidase M20A protein family. CNDP2 is a secreted peptidase homologous to M20 peptidases. CNDP2 expresses through all adult and fetal tissue, though, an isoform missing exons 3 and 4 expresses in all fetal tissue in adult liver. Over expression of CPGL-B in hepatocellular carcinoma cells results in significant inhibition of HC cell viability, colony formation, cell invasiveness and tumor configuration.

IFN-gamma produced by lymphocytes activated by specific antigens or mitogens.
IFN-gamma, in addition to having antiviral activity, has important immunoregulatory functions, it is a potent activator of macrophages, and has antiproliferative effects on transformed cells and it can potentiate the antiviral and antitumor effects of the type I IFNs.

AK1 is a small ubiquitous enzyme which is essential for maintenance and cell growth. It is involved in the regulation of adenine nucleotide composition within a cell by catalyzing the reversible transfer of the terminal phosphate group between ATP and AMP. The AK1 protein is found in the cytosol of skeletal muscle, brain and erythrocytes. Defects in the AK1 gene are the cause of a form of hemolytic anemia.

D-amino-acid oxidase or DAAO is an enzyme that oxidizes D-amino acids to their imino acids form while using FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide) as a co-factor, resulting in the formation of ammonia & hydrogen peroxide. the enzyme may take part in keeping the balance of acid base in the kidney tissue. Another role is to detoxifying molecules that abolish D-amino acids aggregated while the cell ages.

DsbA appears to be necessary for correct formulation of disulfide bonds in exported proteins in vivo. DsbA is useful as a standard in immunoblotting. This protein catalyses the reduction and exchange of disulfide bonds and the oxidation of free sulfhydryl groups in vitro. It is the strongest oxidant of the thioredoxin superfamily. This thio/disulfide oxidoreductase is required for efficient disulfide bond formation in the periplasm of E. coli.

Brain Abundant Membrane Attached Signal Protein 1 (BASP1) is a membrane bound protein with numerous transient phosphorylation positions and PEST motifs. Preservation of proteins with PEST sequences amongst diverse species supports their functional significance. PEST sequences take place in proteins with high turnover rates. Immunological attributes of this protein are species specific. BASP1 undergoes N-terminal myristoylation.

PCYT2 is a member of the cytidylyltransferase family. PCYT2 is an enzyme which catalyzes the formation of CDP-MEA from CTP and phospho MEA in the Kennedy pathway of phospholipid synthesis. PCYT2 has the strongest expression in the liver, heart, and skeletal muscle.

Progastricsin-C (PGC) is an aspartic proteinase which is synthesized in the gastric mucosa as inactive precursors. PGC is a part of the peptidase family A1 and contains a prosegment which is responsible for stabilizing the inactive form and preventing the entrance of the substrate to the active site. PGC is used as a biomarker for various gastric diseases including Helicobacter pylori related gastritis. PGC is also hydrolyzes various proteins.

FOLH1, also known as glutamate carboxypeptidase 2 (GCPII), is a single pass type 2 membrane protein which belongs to the peptidase M28 family. FOLH1 is highly produced in prostate epithelium. FOLH1 is also found in ovary, live, stomach, small intestine colon, urinary bladder, kidney, testis, and the capillary endothelium of a variety of tumours. Therefore, it plays a role in directed imaging and therapy of recurrent of metastatic disease. FOLH1 is a zinc metalloenzyme that resides in membranes and catalyses the hydrolysis of N-acetylaspartylglutamate to glutamate and N-acetylaspartate.

Glycolate oxidase (HAO1) is a part of the superfamily of the alpha hydroxy acid oxidases (HAO) enzymes. HAO1 catalyses the FMN mediated oxidation of glycolate to glyoxylate and glyoxylate to oxalate by reducing oxygen to hydrogen peroxide. HAO1 is expressed mainly in the liver and pancreas and is most active on twocarbon substrates such as glycolate. HAO1 isthe main cause of hyperoxaluria, a disorder in which large deposits of calcium oxalate form kidney stones.

The OmpA protein is one of the main outer-membrane proteins of a large array of Gram-negative bacteria such as A.salmonicida, Shigella dysenteriae and E.coli.OmpA’s major physiological functions include maintenance of the structural integrity and morphology of the cells and porin activity, as well as a role in conjugation and bacteriophage binding.Achromogenic atypical Aeromonas salmonicida is the causative agent of goldfish ulcer disease.Virulence of this bacterium is associated with the production of a paracrystalline outer membrane A-layer protein.The species specific structural gene for the monomeric form of A-protein was cloned into a pET-3d plasmid in order to express and produce a recombinant form of the protein in E.coli BL21(DE3). The induced protein was isolated from inclusion bodies by a simple solubilization-renaturation procedure and purified by ion exchange chromatography on Q-Sepharose to over 95% pure monomeric protein.Recombinant A-protein was compared by biochemical, immunological and molecular methods with the A-protein isolated from atypical A.salmonicida bacterial cells by the glycine and the membrane extraction methods.

The Fas receptor (CD95) mediates apoptotic signaling by Fas-ligand expressed on the surface of other cells. The Fas-FasL interaction plays an important role in the immune system and lack of this system leads to autoimmunity, indicating that Fas-mediated apoptosis removes self-reactive lymphocytes. Fas signaling is also involved in immune surveillance to remove transformed cells and virus infected cells. Binding of FAS to oligimerized FasL on another cell activates apoptotic signaling through a cytoplasmic domain termed the death domain that interacts with signaling adaptors including FAF, FADD and DAX to activate the caspase proteolytic cascade. Caspase-8 and caspase-10 are first activated, to then cleave and activate downstream caspases, and a variety of cellular substrates that lead to cell death. Caspases cleave nuclear lamins, causing the nucleus to break down and lose its normal structure and another caspase substrate is DFF, inducing cleavage and degradation of the genome. Other caspase substrates are involved in cytoskeletal structure, cell cycle regulation and signaling pathways. Activation of JNK kinase, activation of Jun, and production of ceramide may also play roles in Fas-mediated apoptosis. Activation of fas-mediated apoptosis is opposed by I-FLICE and FAP. Viruses and tumors may escape immune surveillance in part through suppression of fas-mediated apoptosis using similar mechanisms.

DNA repair protein complementing XP-A cells, (XPA), is a member of the XPA family. XPA protein takes a part in DNA excision repair. It Inductees repair by binding to damaged sites with different affinities depending on the photoproduct and the transcriptional state of the region. Defects in XPA is the reason of xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group A (XP-A), which is infrequent human autosomal recessive disease which characterized by solar sensitivity, high predisposition for developing cancers on areas exposed to sunlight, also may cause to neurological abnormalities.

SERPINA1 is secreted and is a serine protease inhibitor which its targets include elastase, plasmin, collagenase, thrombin, leucocytic proteases, trypsin, chymotrypsin, and plasminogen activator. Defects in SERPINA1 gene can cause emphysema or liver disease. Antral SERPINA1 expression is particularly induced by H. pylori infection. lung and prostate cancers have shown a significant increase in SERPINA1 serum levels compared with healthy controls though breast cancers did not show a significant change. SERPINA1 is an endogenous inhibitor of serine proteases and inhibits the catalytic domain of human recombinant matriptase in vitro. Rise in SERPINA1 occurs as an acute phase response to tissue necrosis and inflammation. mutations in SERPINA1 and SLC11A1 genes change the balance between elastase produced by leukocytes during phagocytosis.

ACADL is a homotetramer belonging to the acyl-CoA dehydrogenase family. ACADL takes part in the catabolism of fatty acids and amino acids and is a key source of energy for the heart and skeletal muscle. Mutation in the ACADL gene results in non-ketotic hypoglycemia and hypotonia (muscle weakness).

Adiponectin is a recently discovered 244 amino acid protein, the product of the apM1 gene, which is physiologically active and specifically and highly expressed in adipose cells (Adipokine). The protein belongs to the soluble defense collagen super family; it has a collagen-like domain structurally homologous with collagen VIII and X and complement factor C1q-like globular domain. APM-1 forms homotrimers, which are the building blocks for higher order complexes found circulating in serum.

ADFP is related with the globule surface membrane material. ADFP is a major constituent of the globule surface. Rise in mRNA levels is one of the initial indications of adipocyte differentiation. Mycobacterium leprae regulates ADFP expression to facilitate the accumulation of lipids within infected macrophages for intracellular survival. ADFP is expressed in lipid droplets of vitamin A-storing hepatic stellate cells and additionally in lipid droplets of steatotic hepatocytes. ADFP expression has a role in clear cell renal carcinoma differentiation. ADFP is a component of the lipid droplets in THP-1 cells.