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FUBP1 is a ssDNA binding protein which stimulates expression of c-myc in undifferentiated cells and activates the far upstream element (FUSE) of c-myc. Regulation of FUSE by FUBP happens by single-strand binding of FUBP to the non-coding strand. FUBP1 performs as an ATP-dependent DNA helicase.

Canopy 3 homolog (CNPY3) is a 271 a.aToll-like receptor specific co-chaperone for HSP90B1. CNPY3 is necessitated for proper TLR folding, excluding that of TLR3, and so controls TLR exit from the endoplasmic reticulum. Therefore, CNPY3i s required for both innate and adaptive immune responses.

Transferrin receptor protein 1 (TFRC) is required for iron delivery from transferring to cells. The TFRC protein is a transmembrane glycoprotein comprised of 2 disulfide-linked monomers joined by 2 disulfide bonds. Each monomer will bind one holo-transferrin molecule producing an iron-Tf-TfR complex which enters the cell by endocytosis.

TIE-1 (tyrosine kinase with Ig and EGF homology domains 1) and TIE-2/Tek comprise a receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) subfamily with unique structural characteristics: two immunoglobulin-like domains flanking three epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like domains and followed by three fibronectin type III-like repeats in the extracellular region and a split tyrosine kinase domain in the cytoplasmic region. These receptors are expressed primarily on endothelial and hematopoietic progenitor cells and play critical roles in angiogenesis, vasculogenesis and hematopoiesis. Human TIE-1 cDNA encodes a 1122 amino acid (aa) residue precursor protein with an 18 residue putative signal peptide, a 726 residue extracellular domain and a 353 residue cytoplasmic domain. Two ligands, angiopoietin-1 (Ang1) and angiopoietin-2 (Ang2), which bind TIE-2 with high-affinity have been identified. Ang2 has been reported to act as an antagonist for Ang1. Mice engineered to overexpress Ang2 or to lack Ang1 or Tie-1 display similar angiogenic defects.

FABP1 (Fatty acid binding protein1) encodes the fatty acid binding protein found in liver. FABP1 is composed of ten antiparallel beta strands that form a barrel with a bigger binding pocket than the other FABPs allowing it to accommodate two fatty acid. This protein binds free fatty acids and their coenzyme A derivatives, bilirubin, and some other small molecules in the cytoplasm; it may be involved in intracellular lipid transport and metabolism.

FABP multigene family has almost 20 known members. FABPs are divided into 3 different types: hepatic, intestinal and cardiac which form 14-15 kDa proteins that take part in the uptake, intracellular metabolism and/or transport of long-chain fatty acids. FABPs are involved in the modulation of cell growth and proliferation. Intestinal FABP (FABP2) gene has a polymorphism at codon 54 that identified an alanine-encoding allele and a threonine-encoding allele. Thr-54 protein is associated with increased fat oxidation and resistance. High serum levels of FABP2 is ulcerative colitis indicates ileitis. FABP2 is has part in triglyceride-rich lipoprotein synthesis. FABP2 binds saturated long-chain fatty acids with a high affinity, but binds with a lower affinity to unsaturated long- chain fatty acids. FABP2 helps maintain energy homeostasis by functioning as a lipid sensor.

FABP multigene family has almost 20 known members. FABPs are divided into 3 different types: hepatic, intestinal and cardiac which form 14-15 kDa proteins that take part in the uptake, intracellular metabolism and/or transport of long-chain fatty acids. FABPs are involved in the modulation of cell growth and proliferation. Intestinal FABP (FABP2) gene has a polymorphism at codon 54 that identified an alanine-encoding allele and a threonine-encoding allele. Thr-54 protein is associated with increased fat oxidation and insulin resistance. High serum levels of FABP2 is ulcerative colitis indicates ileitis. FABP2 is has part in triglyceride-rich lipoprotein synthesis. FABP2 binds saturated long-chain fatty acids with a high affinity, but binds with a lower affinity to unsaturated long- chain fatty acids. FABP2 helps maintain energy homeostasis by functioning as a lipid sensor.

Chromosome 19 Open Reading Frame 80 (C19ORF80) is a significant new regulator of lipid metabolism which regulates serum triglyceride levels, possibly by promoting ANGPTL3 cleavage. C19ORF80 belongs to the ANGPTL protein family. C19ORF80 is a hormone which specifically promotes pancreatic beta cell proliferation and beta cell mass expansion, thus improving glucose tolerance. C19ORF80 is mainly expressed in the liver; it is also expressed in adipose tissues. C19ORF80 is expressed in response to food intake and stimulated by insulin.

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the TNF-receptor superfamily. This receptor contributes to the clonal expansion, survival, and development of T cells. It can also induce proliferation in peripheral monocytes, enhance T cell apoptosis induced by TCR/CD3 triggered activation, and regulate CD28 co-stimulation to promote Th1 cell responses. The expression of this receptor is induced by lymphocyte activation. TRAF adaptor proteins have been shown to bind to this receptor and transduce the signals leading to activation of NF-kappaB.

Surfactant pulmonary-associated protein D (SFTPD) belongs to the collectin family of C-type lectins, which is synthesized in many tissues including respiratory epithelial cells in the lung, and contains one C-type lectin domain and one collagen-like domain. SFTPD has humoral molecules of the innate immune system, and is deemed a functional candidate in chronic periodontitis. Moreover, SFTPD is involved in the development of acute and chronic inflammation of the lung. A number of human lung diseases are characterized by decreased levels of bronchoalveolar SFTPD. SFTPD contributes to the lungs defense against inhaled microorganisms, organic antigens and toxins. SFTPD interacts with complexes such as bacterial lipopolysaccharides, oligosaccharides and fatty acids and modulates leukocyte action in immune response. In addition, SFTPD participates in the extracellular reorganization or turnover of pulmonary surfactant. SFTPD binds strongly maltose residues and to a lesser extent other alpha-glucosyl moieties.

MANF is a 20kDa protein which belongs to the ARMET family. MANF was originally known as an arginine-rich region protein which was extremely mutated in a large number of tumors. MANF Expression is induced during ER stress, signifying that MANF takes part in protein quality control during ER stress.

Secreted frizzled-related protein 2 (SFRP2) belongs to the SFRP family which contains a cysteine-rich domain homologous to the putative Wnt-binding site of Frizzled proteins. SFRP2 functions as soluble modulators of Wnt signaling. Methylation of SFRP2 might indicate on colorectal cancer.

The bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are a family of secreted signaling molecules that can induce ectopic bone growth. Many BMPs are part of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGFB) superfamily. BMPs were originally identified by an ability of demineralized bone extract to induce endochondral osteogenesis in vivo in an extraskeletal site. Based on its expression early in embryogenesis, the BMP encoded by this gene has a proposed role in early development. In addition, the fact that this BMP is closely related to BMP5 and BMP7 has lead to speculation of possible bone inductive activity.

DIRAS1 is a member of a distinct branch of the functionally diverse Ras superfamily of monomeric GTPases. DIRAS1 demonstrates low GTPase activity and exists mainly in the GTP-bound form. Ras proteins operate as binary molecular switches that control intracellular signaling networks. Ras-regulated signal pathways regulate such processes as actin cytoskeletal integrity, proliferation, differentiation, cell adhesion, apoptosis, and cell migration. Ras and ras-related proteins are frequently deregulated in cancers, leading to increased invasion and metastasis, and decreased apoptosis.

TNF Ligand Receptor Superfamily Member 25 (TNFRSF25) belongs to the TNF receptor superfamily that binds to the TNF-like protein TL1A. TNFRSF25 interacts directly with the adapter TRADD and regulates lymphocyte homeostasis. TNFRSF25 is also mediates activation of NF-kappa-B and induces apoptosis. TNFRSF25 signals are vital to exert T helper cell 2 effector activity in Th2-polarized CD4 cells and co-stimulate interleukin-13 production by glycosphingolipid-activated NKT cells.

FKBP4 is part of the immunophilin protein family, which takes part in immunoregulation and necessary cellular processes concerning protein folding and trafficking. FKBP4 is a cis-trans prolyl isomerase that connects to the immunosuppressants FK506 and rapamycin. FKBP4 has high structural and functional similarity to FKBP1A, though, FKBP4 does not have immunosuppressant activity when complexed with FK506. FKBP4 is known to connect with phytanoyl-CoA alpha-hydroxylase. FKBP4 associates with HSP90 & HSP70 thus takes part in the intracellular trafficking of hetero-oligomeric forms of the steroid hormone receptors. FKBP4 highly associates with adeno-associated virus type 2 vectors (AAV) resulting in a considerable increase in AAV-mediated transgene expression in human cell lines. FKBP4 is involved in the optimal use of AAV vectors in human gene therapy.

The 23kDa two-domain periplasmic chaperone FIMC from E.coli is vital for the assembly of type-1 pili, which are filamentous, very oligomeric protein complexes anchored to the outer bacterial membrane that mediate adhesion of pathogenic E. coli strains to host cell surfaces and persist in macrophages.

Fucosidase Alpha-L- 2 Plasma (FUCA2) is a plasma alpha-L-fucosidase, which represents 10-20% of the total cellular fucosidase activity. FUCA2 protein belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 29 family, and catalyzes the hydrolysis of the alpha-1,6-linked fucose fused to the reducing-end N-acetylglucosamine of the carbohydrate moieties of glycoproteins. FUCA2 is crucial for Helicobacter pylori adhesion to human gastric cancer cells.

Retinol Binding Protein-2 (RBP2) which is present in the small intestinal epithelium takes part in the uptake and intracellular metabolism of vitamin A. Vitamin A is a fat-soluble vitamin essential for growth, reproduction, differentiation of epithelial tissues, and vision. RBP2 moderates the supply of retinoic acid to the nuclei of endometrial cells throughout the menstrual cycle.

Interleukin-6 is a potent pro-inflammatory cytokine primarily produced by activated T cells and an assortment of other cells including endothelial cells and macrophages. IL-6 affects B and T lymphocytes and has been shown to have a role in host defense, acute phase reactions, immune responses and hematopoiesis.

Lactoferrin is a glycoprotein that belongs to the transferrin family of iron binding proteins. It is found in human breast milk as well as most epithelial surface secretions including tears, nasogastric, saliva, and bronchial. Lactoferrin binds 2 molecules of iron with very high affinity. Lactoferrin inhibits bacterial growth by withholding iron, its N-terminal region is an antimicrobial peptide. Lactotransferrin acts synergistically with lysozyme to potentiate the activity of both proteins. The multifunctional protein lactoferrin has many physiological possible roles. It is often referred to as an innate defense protein and frequently serves as the first line of defense in protection against pathogens. It has been shown to have the ability to bind iron, it is a natural anti-bacterial, anti-fungal and anti-viral, it is an antioxidant and it also has immunomodulatory properties. It has many beneficial properties, which make it a good candidate for a number of product applications. Considerable research is currently going on to explain the various suggested biological functions of lactoferrin.

EDF1 controls endothelial cell differentiation. EDF1 has a role as a bridging protein that interconnects regulatory proteins and the basal transcriptional machinery, thus modulating the transcription of genes that take part in endothelial differentiation. EDF1 binds calmodulin through its IQ domain and controls nitric oxide synthase activity via calmodulin sequestration in the cytoplasm. EDF1 is localized in adult liver, heart, adipose tissues, intestine and pancreas.