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Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 19 (CCL19) is a small cytokine belonging to the CC chemokine family that is also known as EBI1 ligand chemokine (ELC) and macrophage inflammatory protein-3-beta (MIP-3-beta). CCL19 is expressed abundantly in thymus and lymph nodes, with moderate levels in trachea and colon and low levels in stomach, small intestine, lung, kidney and spleen. The gene for CCL19 is located on human chromosome 9. This chemokine elicits its effects on its target cells by binding to the chemokine receptor chemokine receptor CCR7. It attracts certain cells of the immune system, including dendritic cells and antigen-engaged B cells.

CD40L or CD154 is a membrane glycoprotein and differentiation antigen expressed on the surface of T-cells. The CD40 ligand stimulates B-cell proliferation and secretion of all immunoglobulin isotypes in the presence of cytokines. CD40 ligand has been shown to induce cytokine production and tumoricidal activity in peripheral blood monocytes. It also costimulates proliferation of activated T-cells and this is accompanied by the production of IFN-gamma , TNF-alpha , and IL2.

Human HSP40 (heat shock protein with molecular size of 40kDa) is one of the mammalian homologues of bacterial DnaJ heat shock protein and regulates cellular processes by aiding in the folding, transport and assembly. HSP40 protein contains the J-domain which controls interaction with the ATPase domain of DnaK.

Acireductone dioxygenase 1 (ADI1) is a part of the acireductone dioxygenase family of metal-binding enzymes, which are involved in methionine salvage. ADI1 regulates mRNA processing in the nucleus, and carries out different functions depending on its localization. Related pseudogenes have been defined on chromosomes 8 and 20. ADI1 down-regulates cell migration arbitrated by MMP14.

Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 8 (TNFRSF8) is a receptor for TNFSF8/CD30L. TNFRSF8 has a role in the regulation of cellular growth and transformation of activated lymphoblasts. In addition, the TNFRSF8 protein regulates gene expression via activation of NF-kappa-B. TNFRSF8 being a regulator of apoptosis, induces cell death or proliferation, depending on the cell type.

Tumor necrosis factor is a cytokine involved in systemic inflammation and is a member of a group of cytokines that all stimulate the acute phase reaction. TNF is mainly secreted by macrophages.
TNF causes apoptotic cell death, cellular proliferation, differentiation, inflammation, tumorigenesis and viral replication, TNF is also involved in lipid metabolism, and coagulation. TNF's primary role is in the regulation of immune cells.
Dysregulation and, in particular, overproduction of TNF have been implicated in a variety of human diseases- autoimmune diseases, INS resistance, and cancer.

PFKM is a regulatory glycolytic enzyme that converts fructose 6-phosphate and ATP into fructose 1,6-bisphosphate (through PFK-1), fructose 2,6-bisphosphate (through PFK-2) and ADP. Three phosphofructokinase isozymes exist in humans: muscle, liver and platelet. Mutations in PFKM gene have been related with glycogen storage disease type VII, also identified as Tarui disease.

LAIR1 is a glycoprotein (~32kDa) expressed on the surface of the majority of human peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes including T cells, B cells, NK cells, macrophages and dendritic cells. LAIR-1 functions as an inhibitory receptor in NK cells, T cells and B cells. Inhibitory receptors control the immune response to prevent lysis of cells recognized as self. Lair1 consists of a leader sequence, extracellular domain, transmembrane domain, cytoplasmic region.
LAIR1 is a member of both the immunoglobulin superfamily and the leukocyte-associated inhibitory receptor family. LAIR1 maps to a region of 19q13.4 labeled the leukocyte receptor cluster, which contains at least 29 genes encoding leukocyte-expressed receptors of the immunoglobulin superfamily.

ADP-ribosylhydrolase like 2 (ADPRHL2) belongs to the ADP-ribosylglycohydrolase family. ADPRHL2 catalyzes the removal of ADP-ribose from ADP-ribosylated proteins. ADPRHL2, which is ubiquitously expressed, uses magnesium as a cofactor to catalyze the hydrolysis of poly (ADP-ribose) that is synthesized after DNA damage. Furthermore, ADPRHL2 has an essential role in the maintenance of normal neuronal cell function. The ADPRHL2 enzyme localizes to the mitochondria, in addition to the nucleus and cytoplasm.

Nucleolar protein 3 (NOL3) is primarily expressed in the muscle and is appears in the nucleoplasm and concentrated in nucleoli. NOL3 is an anti-apoptotic protein which down-regulates the enzymatic activities of caspase 2, caspase 8 and tumor protein p53. NOL3 is highly expressed in the heart and skeletal muscle. NOL3 is identified at low levels in the placenta, liver, kidney and pancreas. The NOL3 mRNA and protein levels are stimulated by neuronal activity, which is vital in order to promote neuroplasticity, thus indicating a potential role for NOL3 in activity-dependent changes in dendrite function. NOL3 localizes to the cytoskeleton of neuronal cells and seems to colocalize with F-Actin, though it may connect with an actin-associated protein instead of directly with F-Actin.

ANGPTL3 and ANGPTL4 are angiopoietin-like proteins secreted and expressed mainly by the liver, their role being the regulation of triglyceride metabolism by inhibiting the lipolysis of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. During different nutritional states (feeding/fasting) the levels of the circulating triglycerides are regulated by Angptl3 and Angptl4 through differential inhibition of Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) as shown by the experimental data. The molecular structure of ANGPTL3 is similar to that of the angiopoietins (vascular endothelial growth factors). Deletion mutants of human Angiopoietin 5 were used in order to demonstrate that the N-terminal domain (fragment 17-207) and not the C-terminal fibrinogen-like domain (fragment 207-460) increased the plasma triglyceride levels in mice.

Myelin Protein Zero-Like 1 (MPZL1) is a cell surface receptor, which is involved in signal transduction processes. MPZL1 recruits PTPN11/SHP-2 to the cell membrane and is a putative substrate of PTPN11/SHP-2. MPZL1 is a main receptor for concanavalin-A (ConA) and it is involved in cellular signaling induced by ConA, which most likely includes Src family tyrosine-protein kinases. MPZL1 Isoform 3 appears to have a dominant negative role by blocking tyrosine phosphorylation of MPZL1 induced by ConA. Isoform 1, but not isoform 2 and isoform 3, might be involved in regulation of integrin-mediated cell motility.

AKR7A3, takes part in the detoxification of aldehydes and ketones. AKR7A3 reduces the dialdehyde protein-binding form of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) to the non-binding AFB1 dialcohol. AKR7A3 participates in protection of liver against the toxic and carcinogenic effects of AFB1, a potent hepatocarcinogen.

IFNI30 inducible lysosomal thiol reductase (IFI30), is a part of the GILT family. IFI30 is a lysosomal thiol reductase which at low pH is capable of decreasing protein’s disulfide bonds. IFI30 is expressed constitutively in antigen-presenting cells and induced by gamma-IFN in other cell types. Also, IFI30 plays an important role in MHC class II-restricted antigen processing. IFI30 facilitates the generation of MHC class II-restricted epitopes from disulfide bond-containing antigen by the endocytic reduction of disulfide bonds and Also facilitates MHC class I-restricted recognition of exogenous antigens containing disulfide bonds by CD8+ T-cells or cross-presentation.

Short chain dehydrogenase/reductase family 16C, member5 (SDR16C5) is active in the oxidative direction as well as in the reductive one. SDR16C5 oxidizes all-trans-retinol in all-trans-retinaldehyde. No activity was detected with 11-cis-retinol or 11-cis-retinaldehyde as substrates with either NAD+/NADH or NADP+/NADPH.

Stomatin (STOM) is a part of a highly conserved family of integral membrane proteins. STOM is a membrane protein involved in regulation of monovalent cation transport through lipid membranes which regulates ACCN1 and ACCN3 gating. STOM is a major lipid-raft component of erythrocytes and epithelial cells, and an abundant platelet protein which acts as a cytoskeletal anchor.

SRGN is identified as a hematopoietic cell granule proteoglycan. Proteoglycans stored in the secretory granules of various hematopoietic cells also hold a protease-resistant peptide core, and is vital for neutralizing hydrolytic enzymes. SRGN is related to the macromolecular complex of granzymes and perforin that acts as a intermediary of granule-mediated apoptosis.

BCL10 holds a caspase recruitment domain (CARD), and is known as an inducer of apoptosis and as NF-kappaB activator. BCL10 cooperates with other CARD domain containing proteins such as CARD9, 10, 11 and 14, which operates as upstream regulators in NF-kappaB signaling. BCL10 is known to create a complex with MALT1, a protein encoded by another gene and is translocated in MALT lymphoma. MALT1 and BCL10 protein synergize the activation of NF-kappaB, and the deregulation of either of them facilitates the same pathogenetic process which leads to the malignancy.

TLR3 (Toll-like receptor 3) belongs to the toll-like receptor family which takes an essential part in pathogen recognition as well as activation of innate immunity. TLR3 has innate immune receptors for sensing microbial molecules in addition to damage-associated molecular patterns released from host cells. TLR3 recognizes dsRNA and activation of the receptor which induces the activation of NF-kappaB and the production of type I interferons. TLR3 signaling activation is related with ischemic preconditioning-induced protection against brain ischemia and attenuation of reactive astrogliosis. TLR3 is most plentifully expressed in the placenta & pancreas, and is limited to the dendritic subpopulation of the leukocytes.

Myosin light polypeptide 6 (MYL6) is a hexameric ATPase cellular motor protein. MYL6 is composed of 2 heavy chains, 2 nonphosphorylatable alkali light chains, and 2o phosphorylatable regulatory light chains. MYL6 is a myosin alkali light chain which is expressed in smooth muscle and non-muscle tissues. MYL6 partakes in generating the force for cellular movements, thus having an imperative role in overall cellular function.

GST family of enzymes comprises a long list of cytosolic, mitochondrial, and microsomal proteins that are 45-55 kDa (dimer form) size and are capable of multiple reactions with a multitude of substrates, both endogenous and xenobiotic. GST catalyses the conjugation of reduced glutathione meaning the sulfhydryl group, to electrophilic centers on a wide variety of substrates. This activity is useful in the detoxification of endogenous compounds such as peroxidised lipids, as well as the metabolism of xenobiotics. GST binds toxins and function as transport protein. Glutathione S-transferase is used to create the so-called 'GST gene fusion system'. The GST is used to purify and detect proteins of interest. In a GST gene fusion system, the GST sequence is incorporated into an expression vector alongside the gene sequence encoding the protein of interest. Induction of protein expression from the vector's multiple cloning sites results in expression of a fusion protein - the protein of interest fused to the GST protein. This GST-fusion protein can then be purified from cells via its high affinity for glutathione. Fusion proteins offer an important biological assay for direct protein-to-protein interactions. The GST tag has the size of 220 amino acids, which, compared to other tags like the myc- or the FLAG-tag, is quite big. It is fused to the N-terminus of a protein. However, many commercially-available sources of GST-tagged plasmids include a thrombin domain for cleavage of the GST tag during protein purification. A GST-tag is often used to separate and purify proteins that contain the GST-fusion. GST-fusion proteins can be produced in Escherichia coli, as recombinant proteins.

KRT18 encodes the type I intermediate filament chain keratin 18. Keratin 18, together with its filament partner keratin 8, are perhaps the most commonly found members of the intermediate filament gene family. They are expressed in single layer epithelial tissues of the body. Mutations in this gene have been linked to cryptogenic cirrhosis. Two transcript variants encoding the same protein have been found for this gene.

Abhydrolase domain-containing protein 10 (ABHD10) is a member of the AB hydrolase superfamily.

CD5 antigen-like (CD5L) participates in the regulation of the immune system. CD5L functions as an inhibitor of apoptosis. CD5L is expressed in the spleen, lymph node, thymus and bone marrow.