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Kell blood group glycoprotein homolog or KEL, is an enzyme, part of the zinc endopeptidase of the neprilysin (NEP) group of proteins. KEL has a crucial part in the production of the potent bioactive ET-3, which also includes enzymes that are endothelin convertingenzymes (PEX, XCE, DINE &various NEP-like proteins). KEL uses a single disulfide bond to XK, a gated membranal transporter. The Kell antigen system that includes two proteins, is very crucial among blood group systems.

Kruppel-Like Factor 6 (KLF6) is a nuclear protein which has 3 zinc fingers. The zinc fingers of KLF6 are accountable for the specific DNA binding with the guanine-rich core promoter factors. The central region is involved in activation or posttranslational regulatory pathways, and the acidic N terminal domain takes part in the process of transcriptional activation.

Membrane cofactor protein isoform 14 (CD46), is a type I membrane protein which has cofactor activity for inactivation of complement components C3b and C4b by serum factor I. This function resides in the complement control protein repeats (CCPs), with CCP1–4 vital for regulation. CD46 is also involved in the fusion of the spermatozoa with the oocyte during fertilization. CD46 is common in thymocytes, T cells, B cells, monocytes, granulocytes, NK cells, platelets, endothelial cells, epithelial cells, fibroblasts, placenta and sperm.

GTF2E2 is vital for transcription initiation by RNA polymerase II in conjunction with other general factors. General Transcription Factor IIE is a heterotetramer composed of two subunits of relatively high molecular mass 57,000 (GTF2E1) and two of 34,000 (GTF2E2). GTF2E2 is necessary in conjunction with GTF2E1 for transcription initiation. GTF2E2 recruits TFIIH to the initiation complex and stimulates the RNA polymerase II C-terminal domain kinase and DNA-dependent ATPase activities of TFIIH. Both TFIIE and TFIIH are essential for promoter clearance by RNA polymerase.

HCV is a small 50nm, enveloped, single-stranded, positive sense RNAvirus in the family Flaviviridae.
HCV has a high rate of replication with approximately one trillion particles produced each day in an infected individual. Due to lack of proofreading by the HCV RNA polymerase, the HCV has an exceptionally high mutation rate, a factor that may help it elude the host's immune response. Hepatitis C virus is classified into six genotypes(1-6) with several subtypes within each genotype. The preponderance and distribution of HCV genotypes varies globally. Genotype is clinically important in determining potential response to interferon-based therapy and the required duration of such therapy. Genotypes 1 and 4 are less responsive to interferon-based treatment than are the other genotypes (2, 3, 5 and 6).

SARS Coronavirus is an enveloped virus containing three outer structural proteins, namely the membrane (M), envelope (E), and spike (S) proteins. Spike (S)-glycoprotein of the virus interacts with a cellular receptor and mediates membrane fusion to allow viral entry into susceptible target cells. Accordingly, S-protein plays an important role in virus infection cycle and is the primary target of neutralizing antibodies.It has recently been shown that SARS is caused by a human coronavirus. Human coronaviruses are the major cause of upper respiratory tract illness in humans, such as the common cold. Coronaviruses are positive-stranded RNA viruses, featuring the largest viral RNA genomes known to date (27-31 kb). The first step in coronavirus infection is binding of the viral spike protein, a 139-kDa protein, to certain receptors on host cells. The spike protein is the main surface antigen of the coronavirus. The most prominent protein in the culture supernatants infected with SARS virus is a 46 kDa nucleocapsid protein. This suggests that the nucleocapsid protein is a major immunogen that may be useful for early diagnostics.

HCV is a small 50nm, enveloped, single-stranded, positive sense RNAvirus in the family Flaviviridae.
HCV has a high rate of replication with approximately one trillion particles produced each day in an infected individual. Due to lack of proofreading by the HCV RNA polymerase, the HCV has an exceptionally high mutation rate, a factor that may help it elude the host's immune response. Hepatitis C virus is classified into six genotypes(1-6) with several subtypes within each genotype. The preponderance and distribution of HCV genotypes varies globally. Genotype is clinically important in determining potential response to interferon-based therapy and the required duration of such therapy. Genotypes 1 and 4 are less responsive to interferon-based treatment than are the other genotypes (2, 3, 5 and 6).

Dengue fever is affected by 1 of 4 closely linked virus serotypes of the genus Flavivirus, family Flaviviridae. One might have dengue fever infected by the different serotype virus after the primary infection. Detection of particular antibodies to dengue viruses is used for the diagnosis in clinic. Recently, lateral flow rapid test products have become a most suitable and known method in the clinical diagnosis. Though, there is difficulty for manufacturers to have the dengue antigens with a whole coverage for Dengue IgG & IgM recognition for all 4 serotype infections as well as with colloid gold binding ability. 8 dengue antigens have been established for the lateral flow products which are well defined for their coverage of dengue IgG & IgM recognition. The researcher can select the products below based on their own specific application.

Macrophage Inflammatory Proteins (MIP) belong to the family of chemotactic cytokines known as chemokines. In humans, there are two major forms, MIP-1a and MIP-1b that are now officially named CCL3 and CCL4 respectively. Both are major factors produced by macrophages after they are stimulated with bacterial endotoxins. They activate human granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils) which can lead to acute neutrophilic inflammation. They also induce the synthesis and release of other pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin 1 (IL-1), IL-6 and TNF-a from fibroblasts and macrophages. The genes for CCL3 and CCL4 are both located on human chromosome 17.

Actin is a muscle protein localized in the I band of the myofibrils; acting along with myosin, it is responsible for contraction and relaxation of muscle. Each actin protomer binds one molecule of ATP and has one high affinity site for either calcium or magnesium ions, as well as several low affinity sites. Actin exists as a monomer in low salt concentrations, but filaments form rapidly as salt concentration rises, with the consequent hydrolysis of ATP. It occurs in globular (G-actin) and fibrous (F-actin) forms. Actin is found in all eukaryotic cells (except for nematode sperm). Actin is one of the most highly-conserved proteins, differing by no more than 20% in species as diverse as algae and humans. Its other functions include cell motility, cell division and cytokinesis, vesicle and organelle movement, cell signaling, and the establishment and maintenance of cell junctions and cell shape.

Myeloid leukemia factor 1 (MLF1) is a member of the MLF family, and is a widely expressed negative regulator of cell cycle progression functioning upstream of the tumor suppressor p53. MLF1 hinders the erythropoietin-induced erythroid terminal differentiation by averting cells from exiting the cell cycle through suppression of CDKN1B/p27Kip1 levels. MLF1 generally functions in multi-potent progenitor cells, and its dysregulation may be to some extent responsible for leukemogenesis. Translocations between the MLF1 gene and nucleophosmin are linked to myelodysplastic syndrome and acute myeloid leukemia.

CXC chemokine ligand 16 (CXCL16) is a type I membrane protein, which contains a non-ELR motif-containing CXC chemokine domain in its extracellular region. Human and Mouse CXCL16 share a 70% a.a. sequence similarity within their chemokine domains and 49% overall a.a. sequence identity. Functional CXCL16 can be dropped from the cell surface as an approximately 35kDa soluble protein. CXCR6 is the functional receptor for CXCL16. CXCL16 functions as a scavenger receptor on macrophages, which specifically binds to OxLDL (oxidized low density lipoprotein), proposing that CXCL16 may be involved in pathophysiology such as atherogenesis. In addition, CXCL16 induces a strong chemotactic response and calcium mobilization. CXCL16 binds to CXCR6/Bonzo.

Secernin 1 (SCRN1) which is a member of the peptidase C69 family, regulates exocytosis in mast cells. SCRN1 increases both the level of secretion and the sensitivity of mast cells to stimulation with calcium.

MTHFD2 plays a role as a homodimer which requires magnesium and inorganic phosphate. MTHFD2 has a pseudogene on chromosome 7 and owns 3 different enzymatic activities. Each of the activities catalyzes 1 of 3 sequential reactions in the interconversion of 1-carbon derivatives of tetrahydrofolate, which are substrates for methionine, thymidylate, and de novo purine syntheses.

Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand (CXCL7) is a small cytokine belonging to the CXC chemokine family. It is a protein that is released in large amounts from platelets following their activation. It stimulates various processes including mitogenesis, synthesis of extracellular matrix, glucose metabolism and synthesis of plasminogen activator.

APRIL which is a part of the TNF ligand superfamily (TNFSF13) is a type II transmembrane protein. Normally, APRIL expression is low in tissues, but is elevated in numerous types of tumors and transformed cell lines. APRIL stimulates proliferation of tumor cell lines and intensifies tumorigenicity in nude mice.

Nephroblastoma Overexpressed (NOV) is a member of the CCN family of secreted cysteine rich regulatory proteins. The full length NOV protein is comprised of 4 structural domains, which present distinct, and sometimes opposing, biological activities. An elevated expression of NOV is linked with certain tumors, including Wilm’s tumor and most nephroblastomas. On the other hand, in other tumor types and certain cancer cell lines, increased tumorgenicity and proliferation is associated with decreased NOV expression.

NSL1 holds two coiled-coil domains.NSL1 proteins, localized to kinetochores - chromosome associated structures which attach to microtubules and mediate chromosome movements throughout cell division. NSL1 is a fragment of a conserved protein complex that hold two chromodomain-containing proteins and a component of the outer plate of the kinetochore. NSL1 connect centromeric heterochromatin with the outer kinetochore structure. Several transcript variants are known to encod different isoforms for this gene.

Syntaxin-binding protein 6 (STXBP6) binds components of the SNARE complex and takes part in regulating SNARE complex configuration. STXBP6 forms non-fusogenic complexes with SNAP25 and STX1A and modulates the formation of SNARE complexes and exocytosis.

TRAF2 protein is related with transduce signals from members of the TNFR superfamily. TRAF2 is located in the cytoplasm binds to TRAF1, TRAF2, or TRAF3, thus inhibiting TRAF function by sequestering the TRAFs in a suppressed state in the cytoplasm. Overexpression of TANK inhibits TRAF2-mediated NF-Kappa-B activation signaled by CD40 and both TNF receptors and inhibits LMP1-mediated NF-kappa-B activation by blocking the association of TRAF2 with LMP1. TRAF2 is necessary for the cellular response to TNF-alpha by connecting upstream signalling molecules to the IKKs and p65.

TARC cDNA encodes a 94 amino acid precursor protein with a 23 amino acid residue signal peptide that is cleaved off to generate the 71 amino acid residue mature secreted protein. Along with CC chemokine family members, CCL-17 has approximately 24-29% amino acid sequence identity with RANTES, MIP-1a, MIP-1b, MCP-1, MCP-2, MCP-3 and I-309. TARC is expressed in thymus, and at a lower level in the lung, colon, and small intestine. TARC is in addition transiently expressed in stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Recombinant TARC has been shown to be chemotactic for T cell lines but not monocytes or neutrophils. CCL-17 was recently identified to be a specific functional ligand for CCR4, a receptor that is selectively expressed on T cells. CCL17 is one of quite a few Cys-Cys (CC) cytokine genes clustered on the q arm of chromosome 16. CCL17 shows chemotactic activity for T lymphocytes, but not monocytes or granulocytes. CCL17 binds to chemokine receptors CCR4 and CCR8. This chemokine plays important roles in T cell development in thymus as well as in trafficking and activation of mature T cells.

PDGF-BB is a member of the platelet-derived growth factor family. The four members of this family are mitogenic factors for cells of mesenchymal origin and are characterized by a motif of eight cysteines. This gene product can exist either as a homodimer (PDGF-BB) or as a heterodimer with the platelet-derived growth factor alpha polypeptide (PDGF-AB), where the dimers are connected by disulfide bonds. Mutations in this gene are associated with meningioma. Reciprocal translocations between chromosomes 22 and 7, at sites where this gene and that for COL1A1 are located, are associated with a particular type of skin tumor called dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans resulting from unregulated expression of growth factor. Two splice variants have been identified for this gene.

Celiac disease is an enteropathy that is characterized by intestinal lesions of variable severity. Tissue-type transglutaminase (tTG) is believed to be the predominant autoantigen for celiac disease and the corresponding autoantibodies show higher sensitivity and specificity than anti-gliadin antibodies. Highly pure recombinant human tTG is now available to replace the traditionally used tTG fraction from guinea pig.
Tissue-type transglutaminase antigens have been specifically modified for improved handling: exchange of an active site amino acid eliminates the protein cross-linking activity of the enzyme, while maintaining the native three-dimensional structure and the enzyme's secondary GTPase activity. This engineering assures reproducible properties of the antigen preparations through the absence of variable and ill-defined covalent aggregates of tTG antigen and host cell proteins.