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Interferon Alpha and Beta Receptor Subunit 2 or IFNAR2 is a protein, part of the class II cytokine receptor family. When different innate immune signaling transduction are activated, there is a rapid induction of type I IFNs because it has an intronless gene source. IFNAR2 is the main ligand and binds to the receptor. Once bind, stabilization occurs and a signaling compelx recptor is formed. IFNAR2 also takes part in the activation process of STAT proteins.

Defensins form a family of microbicidal and cytotoxic peptides made by neutrophils. Members of the defensin family are highly similar in protein sequence. This gene encodes defensin, beta 103A, which has broad spectrum antimicrobial activity and may play an important role in innate epithelial defense.

Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (CDKIs) are proteins that bind to and inhibit the activity of CDKs. Two major classes of CDK inhibitors have been identified. The p16 family (p15, p16, p18 and p19) binds to and inhibits the activities of CDK4 and CDK6. The p21 family (p21, p27, p28 and p57) can bind to broad range of CDK-cyclin complexes and inhibit their activities. CDKIs are capable of suppressing growth, and several lines of evidence strongly suggest that at least some CDKIs may be tumor suppressor proteins.

Bromodomain Containing 3 (BRD3) was classified based on its homology to the gene encoding the RING3 protein, which is a serine/threonine kinase. The BRD3 protein localizes to 9q34, a region which contains a number of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes. The function of the BRD3 protein is unknown.

FKBP3 is part of a family of immunosuppressant receptors which inhibit T-cell proliferation by arresting two distinct cytoplasmic signal transmission pathways. FKBP3 accelerates the folding of proteins. FKBP3 is part of the immunophilin protein family, which participates in immunoregulation and fundamental cellular processes concerning protein folding and trafficking. FKBP3 is a cis-trans prolyl isomerase enzyme that binds the immunosuppressants FK506 and rapamycin, as well as histone deacetylases, the transcription factor YY1, casein kinase II, and nucleolin. It has a greater affinity for rapamycin than for FK506 and therefore is a significant protein for immunosuppression by rapamycin.

CCL28 is part of the subfamily of small cytokine CC genes. CCL28 shows chemotactic activity for resting CD4 or CD8 T cells and eosinophils. CCL28 binds to chemokine receptors CCR3 and CCR10. CCL28 is involved in the physiology of extracutaneous epithelial tissues, including diverse mucosal organs. CCL28 mediates mucosal immunity in HIV exposure and infection. CCL28 is involved in the pathogenesis of inflammatory skin diseases.
Human CCL28 cDNA encodes a 127 amino acid residue precursor protein with a putative 22 amino acid residue signal peptide that is cleaved to produce the 105 amino acid residue mature protein. Human and mouse CCL28 are highly conserved, sharing 83% amino acid identity in their mature regions. CCL28 shares the most homology with CCL27/CTACK. Human and mouse CCL28 RNA expression was found to be highest in normal and pathologic colon with the protein being expressed by epithelial cells. Human CCL28 RNA was also present in normal and asthmatic lung tissues.

KISS1 is a metastasis suppressor protein that suppresses metastases of melanomas and breast carcinomas without affecting tumorigenicity.KISS1 functions to inhibit chemotaxis and invasion, attenuating metastasis in malignant melanomas. KISS1 is involved in the regulation of cell-matrix adhesion. KISS1 plays a role in cytoskeletal reorganization. A polymorphism in the terminal exon of KISS1 mRNA results in two protein isoforms. Expression of KiSS1 is localized to specific regions of the hypothalamus in numerous species and is regulated by gonadal steroids and across the estrous cycle..KISS1 generates a c-terminally amidated peptide, metastin which functions as the endogenous ligand of the g-protein coupled receptor gpr54. Activation of the receptor inhibits cell proliferation and cell migration, key characteristics of tumor metastasis.

Glycoprotein-9 (GP9) is a small membrane glycoprotein found on the surface of human platelets. GP9 forms a one to one noncovalent complex with glycoprotein Ib, a platelet surface membrane glycoprotein complex which functions as a receptor for von Willebrand factor. The complete receptor complex includes noncovalent association of the alpha and beta subunits with the protein and platelet glycoprotein V. GP9 gene defects cause the Bernard-Soulier syndrome, aka giant platelet disease whose patients have unusually large platelets and have a clinical bleeding tendency.

ULBP2 is a member of the MHC class I family. ULBP2 is ligand for the NKG2D receptor, composed with at least ULBP1 and ULBP3. ULBPs promote multiple signaling pathways in primary NK cells, triggering the production of cytokines and chemokines. Binding of ULBPs ligands to NKG2D encourages calcium mobilization and activation of the JAK2, STAT5, ERK and PI3K kinase/Akt signal transduction pathway. In CMV infected cells, ULBP2 cooperates with soluble CMV glycoprotein UL16. This cooperation is blocked with the NKG2D receptor, providing a mechanism in which CMV infected cells can escape the immune system. Additionally, UL16 causes ULBP2 to be held in the ER and cis-Golgi apparatus so that it does not reach the cell surface.

Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 3 (CXCL3) is a small cytokine belonging to the CXC chemokine family that is also known as GRO3 oncogene (GRO3), GRO protein gamma (GROg) and macrophage inflammatory protein-2-beta (MIP2b). CXCL3 controls migration and adhesion of monocytes and mediates it effects on its target cell by interacting with a cell surface chemokine receptor called CXCR2. The gene for CXCL3 is located on chromosome 4 in a cluster of other CXC chemokines.

Vps20-associated 1 homolog (VTA1) is a member of the VTA1 family. The VTA1 protein is involved in the endosomal multivesicular bodies (MVB) pathway. Furthermore, VTA1 is interacts with CHMP1B, CHMP2A, CHMP5, VPS4B, KIAA0174 (IST1) and possibly CHMP3. VTA1 is believed to be a cofactor of VPS4A/B, which catalyzes membrane-associated ESCRT-III assemblies. In addition, VTA1 is involved in the sorting and down-regulation of EGFR and also in HIV-1 budding.

V-Set Domain Containing T Cell Activation Inhibitor 1, also known as VCTN1, is part of the B7 costimulatory protein family. Proteins in this family are located on the surface of antigen-presenting cells and interact with ligand bound to receptors on the surface of T cells. High level of the encoded protein has been associated with tumor progression. VCTN1 also takes part in promoting epithelial cell transformation.

CPLX1 is part of the SNARE family complex binding proteins that are catalysts or inhibitors of vesicle exocytosis. CPLX1 shows reduced Ca2+-triggered fast neurotransmitter release at hippocampal glutamatergic synapses, indicating that CPLX1 is a positive regulator of transmitter release. In contrast, CPLX1 inhibits SNARE-mediated liposome and cell fusions in vitro, that result in hypothesis thus acts as a fusion clamp of synaptic exocytosis. CPLX1 regulates a late step in synaptic vesicle exocytosis.

Zinc Ribbon Domain Containing 1 (ZNRD1) is a protein which shows similarity to the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Rpa12p subunit of RNA polymerase I. ZNRD1 contains two potential zinc-binding motifs and takes part in regulation of cell proliferation. ZNRD1 is involved in cancer and human immunodeficiency virus progression. Alternate splicing of this gene results in two transcript variants encoding the same protein. Additional splice variants have been found, but their full-length sequences have not been determined.

KRT20 is a member of the keratin family. The keratins are intermediate filament proteins responsible for the structural integrity of epithelial cells and are subdivided into cytokeratins and hair keratins. The type I cytokeratins consist of acidic proteins which are arranged in pairs of heterotypic keratin chains. This cytokeratin is a major cellular protein of mature enterocytes and goblet cells and is specifically expressed in the gastric and intestinal mucosa. The type I cytokeratin genes are clustered in a region of chromosome 17q12-q21.

Tp0453 is a carrier of lipids and glycolipids during outer membrane. Tp045 is hypothesized to be a new type of bacterial outer membrane protein, which reduces T.pallidum outer membrane permeability to nutrients while remaining inaccessible to antibodies. Tp0453 exhibited 100% specificity and sensitivity in reaction with syphilis patients’ sera, giving negative result with Lyme disease, relapsing-fever or leptospirosis patients’ sera.

Collapsin response mediator proteins (CRMPs) are cytosolic phosphoproteins involved in neuronal differentiation as well as axonal guidance. CRMP2 was previously shown to mediate the repulsive effect of Sema3A on axons and to participate in axonal specification. The X-ray crystal structure of murine CRMP1 was determined at 2.1 resolution and demonstrates that CRMP1 is a bilobed ‘lung-shaped’ protein forming a tetrameric assembly.

USE1 Belongs to the USE1 family, this protein is a vesicle transport protein. USE1 is a component of a SNAREcomplex consisting of STX18, USE1L, BNIP1/SEC20L and SEC22B. In addition USE1 interacts directly with STX18. SNARE maybe involved in targeting and fusion of Golgi-derived retrograde transport vesicles with the ER. Diseases associated with USE1 comprise dysentery and hemolytic-uremic syndrome. Among its related super-pathways are Nicotine Pathway (Dopaminergic Neuron) and Pharmacodynamics. GO annotations related to this gene include protein binding.

The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), also called Human herpes virus 4 (HHV-4), is a virusof the herpes family(which includes Herpes simplex virusand Cytomegalovirus. On infecting the B-lymphocyte, the linear virus genome circularizes and the virus subsequently persists within the cell as an episome. The virus can execute several distinct programs of gene expressionwhich can be broadly categorized as being lytic cycle or latent cycle. The lytic cycleor productive infection results in staged expression of a host of viral proteinswith the ultimate objective of producing infectious virions. Formally, this phase of infection does not inevitably lead to lysis of the host cellas EBV virions are produced by budding from the infected cell. The latent cycle(lysogenic) programs are those that do not result in production of virions. A very limited, distinct set of viral proteins are produced during latent cycle infection. These include Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen(EBNA)-1, EBNA-2, EBNA-3A, EBNA-3B, EBNA-3C, EBNA-leader protein (EBNA-LP) and latent membrane proteins(LMP)-1, LMP-2A and LMP-2B and the Epstein-Barr encoded RNAs(EBERs).

CMV belongs to the Betaherpesvirinae subfamily of Herpesviridae which includes herpes simplex virustypes 1 and 2, varicella-zoster virus, and Epstein-Barrvirus. The herpesviruses share a characteristic ability to remain latentover long periods. CMV is a double-stranded linear DNA virus with 162 hexagonal protein capsomeres surrounded by a lipid membrane. CMV has the largest genome of the herpes viruses, ranging from 230-240 kilobase pairs. Human CMV is composed of unique and inverted repeats that include the existence of 4 genome isomers caused by inversion of L-S genome components (class E). Replication may be divided into immediate early, delayed early, and late gene expression based on time of synthesis after infection. The DNA is replicated by rolling circles. In vitro, CMV replicates in human fibroblasts.

FLT3 ligand is a receptor for the fl cytokine has a tyrosine-protein kinase activity & a growth factor that regulates proliferation of early hematopoietic cells. Flt3-Ligand synergizes with other CSFs and interleukins to induce growth and differentiation.

DnaK, originally identified for its DNA replication by bacteriophage l in E. coli is the bacterial hsp70 chaperone. This protein is involved in the folding and assembly of newly synthesized polypeptide chains and in preventing the aggregation of stress-denatured proteins. Dnak(residues 508-638) of the substrate binding domain is a-helical and appears to act as a lid covering the substrate binding cleft. DnaK(amino acid 508-638) was purified to apparent homogeneity by using conventional column chromatography techniques. Additional amino acid (Met) is attached at N- terminus.

Type 1 cystatins are also called stefins which function as intracellular thiol protease inhibitors. Cystatin-B protein is able to form a dimer stabilized by noncovalent forces, inhibiting papain and cathepsins l, h and b. CSTB protein protects proteases leakage from lysosomes. Mutations in Stefin-B gene cause primary defects in patients with progressive myoclonic epilepsy (EPM1), a degenerative disease of the central nervous system. CSTB is overexpressed & elevated in the serum of HCC patients. Cystatin-B in vivo has a polymeric structure which is sensitive to the redox environment. Cystatin-B inhibits bone resorption by down-regulating intracellular cathepsin K activity despite increased osteoclast survival. Protein and mRNA levels of stefin B are significantly lower in atypical benign meningiomas. Stefins-A & Stefin-B which belong to the type-1 Cystatins, are up-regulated in lung tumours and thus able to counteract harmful tumour-associated proteolytic activity. Human stefin-A & Stef