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Beta-galactosidase is a hydrolase enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of Beta-galactosides into monosaccharides. Substrates of different Beta-galactosidases include ganglioside GM1, lactosylceramides, lactose, and various glycoproteins. Beta-galactosidase is produced In E. coli by activation of the lac operon as the lacZ gene.

Caused by one of four closely related virus serotypes of the genus Flavivirus, family Flaviviridae, each serotype is sufficiently different that there is no cross-protection and epidemics caused by multiple serotypes (hyperendemicity) can occur. In cell culture experiments and mice Morpholino antisense oligos have shown specific activity against Dengue virus.

A human infecting coronavirus (viral pneumonia) called 2019 novel coronavirus, 2019-nCoV was found in the fish market at the city of Wuhan, Hubei province of China on December 2019.The 2019-nCoV shares an 87% identity to the 2 bat-derived severe acute respiratory syndrome 2018 SARS-CoV-2 located in Zhoushan of eastern China. 2019-nCoV has an analogous receptor-BD-structure to that of 2018 SARS-CoV, even though there is a.a. diversity so thus the 2019-nCoV might bind to ACE2 receptor protein (angiotensin-converting enzyme 2) in humans.While bats are possibly the host of 2019-nCoV, researchers suspect that animal from the ocean sold at the seafood market was an intermediate host. RSCU analysis proposes that the 2019-nCoV is a recombinant within the viral spike glycoprotein between the bat coronavirus and an unknown coronavirus.

BCAT1 catalyzes the leading reaction in the catabolism of the indispensable branched chain amino acids isoleucine, leucine and valine.

Seed storage proteins have been identified as major allergens in several other tree nuts and peanut. 2S albumin Cor a 14.0101 is a seed storage protein in hazelnut. Sensitization to Cor a 14.0101 may cause a severe allergic reaction, mainly in children.

HC Class II is consists of 2 membrane spanning proteins. Each of these proteins is roughly 30 kDa, and has of two Globular domains, Alpha-1, Alpha-2, Beta-1 and Beta-2. The two regions farthest away from the membrane are alpha-1 and beta-1. The two proteins link without Covalent Bonds. The MHC Class II protein mainly presents peptides, which have been digested from external sources. MHC Class II is normally only expressed by Antigen Presenting Cells (APC) which digest foreign protein. Within the RER the alpha and beta proteins of the molecule, associate with each other, while a third protein called the "invariant chain," is necessary for stabilizing the complex, without it, they will not associate. The MHC-invariant complex is then passed from the RER, into and out of, the Golgi body. It fuses with an Endocytic compartment, where an external protein has been sampled and degraded.

CD44 is a cell-surface glycoprotein that plays a role in cell-cell interactions, cell adhesion and migration. CD44 is a receptor for hyaluronic acid and also interacts with other ligands, such as osteopontin, collagens, and matrix metalloproteinases. CD44 participates in a wide variety of cellular functions such as lymphocyte activation, recirculation and homing, hematopoiesis, and tumor metastasis.
CD44 and CD49d are putative activity markers and CD44 a potential novel therapeutic target in multiple sclerosis. Increased CD44 antigen is associated with relapses in non-small cell lung cancers.

H3N2 is a subtype of the influenza A virus. Its name derives from the forms of the two kinds of proteins on the surface of its coat, hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N). H3N2 exchanges genes for internal proteins with other influenza subtypes. H3N2 has tended to dominate in prevalence over H1N1, H1N2, and influenza B. H3N2 strain descended from H2N2 by antigenic shift, in which genes from multiple subtypes re-assorted to form a new virus. Both the H2N2 and H3N2 strains contained genes from avian influenza viruses.
H3N2 viruses are able to infect mammals and birds. In pigs, humans, and birds, the virus has mutated into many strains. Hemagglutinin(HA) binds to sialic acid-containing receptors on the cell surface, generating the attachment of the virus particle to the cell. HA has a vital part in the determination of host range restriction and virulence and is in charge of the diffusion of the virus into the cell cytoplasm by facilitating the fusion of the membrane of the endocytos

ACTN1 encodes a nonmuscle, cytoskeletal, alpha actinin isoform and maps to the same site as the structurally similar erythroid beta spectrin gene. Alpha actinins belong to the spectrin gene superfamily which represents a diverse group of cytoskeletal proteins, including the alpha and beta spectrins and dystrophins. Alpha actinin is an actin-binding protein with multiple roles in different cell types. In nonmuscle cells, the cytoskeletal isoform is found along microfilament bundles and adherens-type junctions, where it is involved in binding actin to the membrane. In contrast, skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle isoforms are localized to the Z-disc and analogous dense bodies, where they help anchor the myofibrillar actin filaments.

CoV HKU1 is 1 from 7 known coronaviruses to infect humans including CoV-229E, CoV-NL63, CoVHKU1, MERS-CoV, the original SARS-CoV1, and SARS-CoV-2 (Covid 19). CoV-229E, beta-coronavirus, NL63, CoV-HKU1 and OC43 are the viruses responsible for the common cold. Beta-coronaviruses has an additional shorter spike-like protein called hemagglutinin esterase. Human coronavirus HKU1 (CoV-HKU1) belongs to beta-coronavirus which are enveloped, positive-sense, single stranded RNA and enters its host celll by binding to the N-acetyl9-O-acetyl neuraminic acid receptor.

EPCAM is a carcinoma-associated antigen and belongs to a family which includes at least 2 type I membrane proteins. The EPCAM protein has a role in embryonic stem cells proliferation and differentiation. EPCAM is used as a target for immunotherapy treatment of human carcinomas. EPCAM is expressed on most normal epithelial cells and gastrointestinal carcinomas and acts as a homotypic calcium-independent cell adhesion molecule. Epithelial cell adhesion molecules (EPCAM) can act as a physical homophilic interaction molecule between intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) and intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) at the mucosal epithelium for supplying immunological barrier as a first line of defense against mucosal infection. EPCAM gene mutations result in congenital tufting enteropathy.

Dengue NS1 is an early marker for dengue infection from the first day of fever and lasting about one week. Dengue IgM is usually detected early on the first day to 5 days of infection. Dengue NS1 could be detected from both primary and secondary infection for all four subtypes.

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a retrovirusthat can lead to a condition in which the immune systembegins to fail, leading to opportunistic infections. HIV primarily infects vital cells in the humanimmune systemsuch as helper T cells(specifically CD4+ T cells), macrophagesand dendritic cells. HIV infection leads to low levels of CD4+ T cells through three main mechanisms: firstly, direct viral killing of infected cells; secondly, increased rates of apoptosisin infected cells; and thirdly, killing of infected CD4+ T cells by CD8 cytotoxic lymphocytesthat recognize infected cells. When CD4+ T cell numbers decline below a critical level, cell-mediated immunityis lost, and the body becomes progressively more susceptible to opportunistic infections. HIV was classified as a member of the genus Lentivirus, part of the family of Retroviridae. Lentiviruses have many common morphologies and biological properties. Many species are infected by lentiviruses, which are characteristically responsible for long-duration illnesses with a long incubation period. Lentiviruses are transmitted as single-stranded, positive-sense, enveloped RNA viruses. Upon entry of the target cell, the viral RNA genomeis converted to double-stranded DNAby a virally encoded reverse transcriptasethat is present in the virus particle. This viral DNA is then integrated into the cellular DNA by a virally encoded integraseso that the genome can be transcribed. Once the virus has infected the cell, two pathways are possible: either the virus becomes latentand the infected cell continues to function, or the virus becomes active and replicates, and a large number of virus particles are liberated that can then infect other cells.

Tumor protein p53 responds to various cellular stresses by regulating target genes that induce cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, senescence, DNA repair, or changes in metabolism. p53 is a tumor suppressor gene expressed in a wide variety of tissue types and is involved in regulating cell growth, replication, and apoptosis. p53 is a DNA-binding protein containing transcription activation, DNA-binding & oligomerization domains.
p53 binds to mdm2, SV40 T antigen and human papilloma virus E6 protein p53 senses DNA damage and possibly facilitating repair. p53 protein is a transcription factor which is encoded in humans by the TP53 gene. Alterations of TP53 occur not only as somatic mutations in human malignancies, but also as germline mutations in some cancer-prone families with Li-Fraumeni syndrome. p53 mutants that often occur in many different human cancers fail to bind the consensus DNA binding site, and hence cause the loss of tumor suppressor activity. Mutation involving p53 is found in a wide variety of malignant tumors, including breast, ovarian, bladder, colon, lung, and melanoma. The p53 expression in normal cells is low and in an assortment of transformed cell lines is high, which may contribute to transformation and malignancy. Multiple p53 variants encode distinct isoforms, which can regulate p53 transcriptional activity. p53’s significance in multicellular organisms is in cell cycle regulation therefore it functions as a tumor suppressor that is involved in preventing cancer. p53’s role in conserving stability by preventing genome mutation has earned it descriptions such as "the guardian of the genome," "the guardian angel gene," and the "master watchman.” The name p53 refers to its evident molecular mass: it migrates as a 53kDa protein on SDS-PAGE. However, based on calculations from its amino acid residues, p53's mass is in fact only 43.7kDa. This difference is attributed to the high number of proline residues in the protein which slow its migration on SDS-PAGE, consequently making it appear larger than it actually is.

GH is a member of the somatotropin/prolactin family of hormones which play an important role in growth control. The gene, along with four other related genes, is located at the growth hormone locus on chromosome 17 where they are interspersed in the same transcriptional orientation; an arrangement which is thought to have evolved by a series of gene duplications. The five genes share a remarkably high degree of sequence identity. Alternative splicing generates additional isoforms of each of the five growth hormones, leading to further diversity and potential for specialization. This particular family member is expressed in the pituitary but not in placental tissue as is the case for the other four genes in the growth hormone locus. Mutations in or deletions of the gene lead to growth hormone deficiency and short stature.

ACY1 is a cytosolic, homodimeric, zinc-binding enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of acylated L-amino acids to L-amino acids and acyl group, and has been postulated to take part in the catabolism and salvage of acylated amino acids. Defects in ACY1 are the source of aminoacylase-1 deficiency (ACY1D). ACY1D results in a metabolic disorder manifesting with encephalopathy, unspecific psychomotor delay, psychomotor delay with atrophy of the vermis and syringomyelia, marked muscular hypotonia or normal clinical features. Epileptic seizures are a frequent feature.

Dickkopf-related protein 3 (DKK3) belongs to the DKK protein family including Dkk-1, 2, 3 and -4. DKK3 is a 350 amino acid secreted glycoprotein which is comprised of an N-terminal signal peptide and 2 conserved cysteine-rich domains that are separated by a 12 amino acid linker region. DKK3 is involved in embryonic development through its inhibition of the WNT signaling pathway. DKK3 gene expression is decreased in a variety of cancer cell lines and it may act as a tumor suppressor gene.

ArsA Arsenite Transporter, ATP-Binding, Homolog 1 (ASNA1) is a part of the arsA ATPase family. ASNA1 is the human homolog of the bacterial arsA gene. ArsA ATPase is the catalytic component of a multisubunit oxyanion pump In E.coli, which is in charge for resistance to arsenicals and antimonials. ASNA1 is also a main component of a transmembrane domain (TMD) recognition complex (TRC) which is involved in the post-translational delivery of tail-anchored (TA) proteins from the cytosol to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER).

The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGF R) subfamily of receptor tyrosine kinases comprises four members: EGF R (also known as HER1, ErbB1 or ErbB), ErbB2 (Neu, HER-2), ErbB3 (HER-3), and ErbB4 (HER-4). All family members are type I transmembrane glycoprotein that has an extracellular domain which contains two cysteine-rich domains separated by a spacer region that is involved in ligand-binding, and a cytoplasmic domain which has a membrane-proximal tyrosine kinase domain and a C-terminal tail with multiple tyrosine autophosphorylation sites. The human EGF R gene encodes a 1210 amino acid (aa) residue precursor with a 24 aa putative signal peptide, a 621 aa extracellular domain, a 23 aa transmembrane domain, and a 542 aa cytoplasmic domain. EGF R has been shown to bind a subset of the EGF family ligands, including EGF, amphiregulin, TGF-a , betacellulin, epiregulin, heparin-binding EGF and neuregulin-2 in the absence of a co-receptor. Ligand binding induces EGF R homodimerization as well as heterdimerization with ErbB2, resulting in kinase activation, tyrosine phosphorylation and cell signaling. EGF R can also be recruited to form heterodimers with the ligand-activated ErbB3 or ErbB4. EGF R signaling has been shown to regulate multiple biological functions including cell proliferation, differentiation, motility and apoptosis. In addition, EGF R signaling has also been shown to play a role in carcinogenesis.

FKBP6 is part of the immunophilin protein family, and is involved in immunoregulation and basic cellular functions involving protein folding and trafficking. FKBP6 is widely expressed in all tissues, FKBP6 is present at utmost levels in testis, liver, kidney, skeletal muscle and heart. Deletion of FKBP6 contributes to hypercalcemia and growth delay in Williams-Beuren syndrome.

UGDH is part of the UDP-glucose/GDP-mannose dehydrogenase family and is a widely expressed enzyme localized in the liver. UGDH transfers UDP-glucose to UDP-glucuronate and thus takes part in the biosynthesis of glycosaminoglycans such as hyaluronan, chondroitin sulfate, and heparan sulfate. These glycosylated products are ordinary molecules of the extracellular matrix and participate in signal transduction, cell migration, and cancer growth and metastasis.

EXO2 is a 3'-to-5' exonuclease specific for small (primarily 5 nucleotides or less in length) single-stranded RNA and DNA oligomers. RNA Exonuclease 2 (REXO2) takes part in DNA repair, replication, and recombination, and in RNA processing and degradation. EXO2 is involved in resistance of human cells to UV-C-induced cell death via its part in the DNA repair process.