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Heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) which integrate signals between receptors and effector proteins, are comprised of an alpha, a beta and a gamma subunit. The alpha, beta and gamma subunits are encoded by families of related genes. GNB1 encodes a beta subunit. Beta subunits are vital regulators of alpha subunits, as well as of certain signal transduction receptors and effectors. G proteins are involved as a modulator or transducer in numerous transmembrane signaling systems. The beta and gamma chains are necessary for the GTPase activity, for replacement of GDP by GTP, and for G protein-effector interaction.

CTDSP1 is a class 2C phosphatase with activity dependent on the conserved DxD motif. CTDSP1 preferentially catalyzes the dephosphorylation of 'Ser-5' within the tandem 7 residues repeats in the C-terminal domain (CTD) of the largest RNA polymerase II subunit POLR2A. In addition, CTDSP1 negatively regulates RNA polymerase II transcription, possibly by controlling the transition from initiation/capping to processive transcript elongation.

Collagen triple helix repeat-containing protein 1 (CTHRC1) functions as a negative regulator of collagen matrix deposition. CTHRC1 is a secreted 28kDa protein which is glycosylated and highly conserved from lower chordates to mammals. CTHRC1 is highly connected with calcified tissues and cartilaginous matrix, but not with endothelial cells. CTHRC1 is detected qualitatively in plasma of healthy human subjects. CTHRC1 plasma levels are also significantly elevated during pregnancy, in diabetes, in inflammatory and infectious conditions, in subjects with acute myeloid leukemia but not in subjects with solid cancers. The hormonal functions of CTHRC1 include regulation of lipid storage and cellular glycogen levels with potentially far-reaching implications for cell metabolism and physiology. CTHRC1 gene deletion leads to fatty liver (steatosis) formation in mice while others exhibited inactivation of the CTHRC1 gene also results in low bone mass.

Histone deacetylase 8 (HDAC8) is a member of the class 1 of the histone deacetylase/acuc/apha family. HDAC8 is biologically involved in skull morphogenesis and metabolic control of the ERR-alpha/PGC1-alpha transcriptional complex. Histones play a key role in transcriptional regulation, cell cycle progression, and developmental events. Histone acetylation/deacetylation modifies chromosome structure and affects transcription factor access to DNA.

Decorin (DCN) is a small cellular or pericellular matrix proteoglycan which is closely related in structure to biglycan protein. Decorin is a secreted protein which binds to collagen and fibronectin in extracellular matrix. Decorin appears in different glycoforms, substituted with chondroitin sulfate or dermatan sulfate consistent with the original tissue. DCN contains one attached glycosaminoglycan chain. Decorin influences the rate of fibril formation. Decorin is capable of suppressing the growth of various tumor cell lines. DCN gene defects cause corneal dystrophy. The DCN gene is a candidate gene for Marfan syndrome.

ApoA5 is an important regulator of serum triglyceride concentrations. An ApoA5 mouse nock-out model produced an approximately four fold increase in serum triglycerides, whereas a knock-in model human ApoA5 produced 50-70% lower concentrations of mouse serum triglycerides. Furthermore, peroxisome proliferators-activated receptoragonists, which are used clinically to lower serum triglyceride concentrations, cause increased ApoA5 mRNA expression. There is very little known about ApoA5 protein in human serum. Lately, it was established that ApoA5 is present in the human serum and it can be detected by polyclonal antibodies against both the HN2 and COOH termini, but at much lower concentration than other apolipoproteins.

TICAM2 belongs to the Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) family, a group of proteins which include the Toll-like receptors (TLRs). TICAM2, a cytoplasmic protein, physically bonds TLR4 and TICAM-1 and functionally transfers LPS-TLR4 signaling to TICAM-1, that sequentially activates IRF-3. TICAM2 takes part in IL1-triggered NF-kappa-B activation, operating upstream of IRAK1, IRAK2, TRAF6, and IKBKB.

GOLM1 is a type II Golgi transmembrane protein. GOLM1 processes protein synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum and aids in transporting protein cargo through the Golgi apparatus. The expression of this encoded protein was shown to be upregulated in response to viral infection. Additionally, since GOLM1 is highly regulated in cells, it can be used as a molecular biomarker for cancer.

RPL22, a cytoplasmic ribosomal protein, is a member of the L22E family of ribosomal proteins and a component of the 60S subunit. RPL22 binds specifically to Epstein-Barr virus-encoded RNAs (EBERs) 1 and 2.

SERPINI1 (Neuroserpin) is an inhibitory serpin which is expressed primarily in the central nervous system. Even though the physiological target of SERPINI1 is still vague, amassed evidence suggest that SERPINI1 has an imperative role in controlling proteolytic degradation of extracellular matrix (ECM) during synaptogenesis and the subsequent development of neuronal plasticity. The neuroprotective role of SERPINI1 has been demonstrated in transgenic mice lacking SERPINI1 expression. The deficiency of SERPINI1 in these mice is linked with motor neuron disease characterized by axonal degradation. In humans, defects in SERPINI1, caused by point mutations in the neuroserpin gene, trigger a hereditary disorder known as the familial encephalopathy with neuroserpin inclusion bodies (FENIB).

RTN4IP1 is a unique mitochondrial protein that interacts with reticulon 4, which is an effective inhibitor of regeneration ensuing spinal cord injury. The reticulon 4 interaction with mitochondrial proteins may offer insight into the mechanisms for reticulon-induced inhibition of neurite growth.

CUTC belongs to the Cut family and may be involved in efflux trafficking of cuprous ion. The Cut family is linked with the copper homeostasis and involved in several vital metabolisms, such as uptake, storage, delivery, and efflux of copper. Copper which is an essential heavy metal trace element has an imperative role in cell physiology.

CXADR is a component of the epithelial apical junction complex which operates as an homophilic cell adhesion molecule and is crucial for tight junction integrity. CXADR also takes part in transepithelial relocation of leukocytes through adhesive interactions with AMICA1/JAML a transmembrane protein of the plasma membrane of leukocytes. A number of transcript variants encoding different isoforms were identified for this gene. Pseudogenes of this gene were located on chromosomes 15, 18, and 21.

Adipocyte plasma membrane-associated protein, also known as APMAP, is a member of the strictosidine synthase family. APMAP exhibits strong arylesterase activity with beta-naphthyl acetate in addition to phenyl acetate and takes part in adipocyte differentiation.

Dynein Axonemal Light Chain 1 (DNAL1) functions as a component of the outer dynein arms complex. DNAL1 acts as the molecular motor which supplies the force to move cilia in an ATP-dependent manner. DNAL1 is expressed in tissues with motile cilia or flagella and takes part in the movement of sperm flagella. Alternate splicing results in numerous transcript variants.

ASB13 belongs to the ankyrin repeat and SOCS box-containing (ASB) family of proteins which contains ankyrin repeat sequence and a SOCS box domain. ASB13 is a protein coding gene that plays a role as a substrate-recognition part of a SCF-like ECS E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex which arbitrates the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins.

Non muscle Myosins are required for cytokinesis at the end of cell division, when a contractile ring near the plasmalemma divides the cytoplasm of the daughter cells. They are involved in cytoplasmic streaming movements in tissues, and especially in activation of motile cells such as fibroblasts and macrophages. Activation of non-muscle myosin-II is achieved by phosphorylation of Ser33 in the motif KKRPQRATSN by a dedicated, Ca +2 Calmodulin regulated light chain kinase (MLCK).

ATP synthase subunit O (ATP5O) localizes to the mitochondria and catalyzes ATP synthesis. ATP5O is a component of the F-type ATPase found in the mitochondrial matrix. F-type ATPases are composed of a catalytic core and a membrane proton channel. ATP5O seems to be part of the connector connecting these two components and may be involved in transmission of conformational changes or proton conductance.

EIF5A is the single protein identified to contain remarkable amino acid formed by the action of deoxyhypusine synthase and deoxyhypusine hydroxylase using spermidine as the substrate. EIF5A takes part in the first step of peptide bond formation in translation, nevertheless further experiments implicates it as a universally conserved translation elongation factor. Modulation of EIF5A is connected to proliferation and cancer. Expression of EIF-5A is upregulated in the PBMCs of HIV-1 patients. EIF5A coordinates significant cellular processes like cell viability and senescence during its effects on the stability of certain mRNAs. Heat stress-induced loss of EIF-5A in a human pancreatic cancer cell line. EIF5A stability takes part in determining the fate of the particular cell type after severe heat stress.

Ubiquitin thioesterase OTUB2 (OTUB2) is a member of the peptidase C65 family. OTUB2 functions as a hydrolase which can remove conjugated ubiquitin from proteins in vitro and may thus play a key regulatory role at the level of protein turnover by preventing degradation.

PDLIM1, a cytoplasmic protein linked to the cytoskeleton, belongs to the enigma protein family. PDLIM1 holds two protein interacting domains - PDZ domain at the amino terminal end and one to three LIM domains at the carboxyl terminal. PDLIM1 enables bringing other LIM interacting proteins to the cytoskeleton. Pseudogenes related to PDLIM1 are situated on chromosomes 3, 14 and 17.

Caspase Recruitment Domain Family, Member 17 (CARD17) is a regulator of procaspase-1/CASP1 activation involved in the regulation of the proteolytic maturation of pro-IL-1beta/IL1B and its release throughout inflammation. CARD17 inhibits the release of IL1B in reaction to LPS in monocytes. Though, unlike CASP1, CARD17 do not induce NF-kappa-B activation.

JAZF zinc finger 1 (JAZF1) is a nuclear protein with 3 C2H2-type zinc fingers, which functions as a transcriptional repressor. Chromosomal anomalies involving the JAZF1 are linked with endometrial stromal tumors. Alternatively spliced variants which encode different protein isoforms have been described; though, not all variants have been fully characterized.

TOR1A which is a member of the AAA family of adenosine triphosphatases (ATPases) is associated to the Clp protease/heat shock family and is expressed highly in the substantia nigra pars compacta.TOR1A functions as a molecular chaperone assisting in the suitable folding of secreted and/or membrane proteins. Mutations in TOR1A result in the autosomal dominant disorder, torsion dystonia one.