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ESM1, also knows as, Endothelial cell-specific molecule 1 is a protein encoded by a gene called ESM1 in humans. ESM1 is a secreted protein that is highly expressed in human kidney and lung tissues (in the endothelial cells). There are suggestions regarding the protein’s involvement in endothelium-dependent pathological diseases, due to his regulation that is performed by cytokines.

Granulocyte/Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factors are cytokines that act in hematopoiesis by controlling the production, differentiation, and function of 2 related white cell populations of the blood, the granulocytes and the monocytes-macrophages. MCSF induces cells of the monocyte/macrophage lineage. MCSF plays a role in immunological defenses, bone metabolism, lipoproteins clearance, fertility and pregnancy.

C3 is central to the activation of all 3 pathways of complement activation. Initiation of each pathway generates proteolytic enzyme complexes which binds the target surface. These enzymes cleave a peptide bond in C3 releasing the anaphylatoxin C3a and activating C3b. Most of the C3 activated during complement activation never attaches to the surface due to its thioester reaction with water forming fluid phase C3b which is rapidly inactivated by factors H and I forming iC3b. Surface-bound C3b is necessary in all 3 pathways for efficient activation of C5 and formation of C5b-9 complexes that lyse the target cell membrane.

GADD45GIP1 is a nuclear protein which takes part in apoptosis control. GADD45GIP1 is expressed in several tissues, such as heart, thyroid, trachea, kidney, ovary, pancreas, testis and stomach and acts as a negative regulator of G1 to S phase cell cycle production by collaborating with GADD45 proteins to inhibit the activity of cyclin-dependent kinases.

Elongator Acetyltransferase Complex Subunit 4, also known as ELP4 is a protein coding gene which is a subunit of the RNA polymerase II elongator complex. ELP4 complements phenotypes of yeast ELP4 deletion mutants and is related to Rolandic epilepsy.

MAEA is a 396aa widely expressed adhesion protein which has 5 alternatively spliced isoforms. MAEA holds one CTLH domain and one LisH domain. MAEA forms a complex with F-actin, which takes part in regulating actin distribution in erythroblasts and macrophages and is known to assist in cell division and nuclear architecture. MAEA is confined with condensed chromatin at prophase, nuclear spindle poles at metaphase and in the contractile ring throughout cytokinesis phase and telophase.

Vimentin expression in human malignant glioma cells depends on cellular density, algorithms of drug delivery and chemo/radio treatment. Vimentin and detyrosinated microtubules provide structural support for the extensive microtentacles observed in detached tumor cells and a mechanism to promote successful metastatic spread. Primary colorectal carcinomas display aberrant expression of vimentin, and have activated Notch and TGFbeta signaling pathways. Vimentin is a strong arterial substrate for transglutaminases. Transglutaminase-mediated vimentin dimerization results in a novel unifying pathway by which vasodilatory and remodeling responses may be regulated. Ablation of vimentin expression inhibits migration and invasion of colon and breast cancer cell lines. Vimentin is the main intermediate filament protein in mesenchymal cells and is therefore of value in the differential diagnosis of undifferentiated neoplasms.

SPG21 binds to the hydrophobic C-terminal amino acids of CD4 which take part in suppression of CD-4 dependant T cell activation. The interaction with CD4 is mediated by the noncatalytic alpha/beta hydrolase fold domain. SPG21 adapts the stimulatory activity of CD4. SPG21 is broadly expressed in diverse tissues including heart, brain, placenta, lung, liver, skeletal muscle, kidney and pancreas. Mutations in SPG21 cause Mast syndrome, an autosomal-recessive complicated form of hereditary spastic paraplegia characterized by dementia, thin corpus callosum and white matter abnormalities.

Ferredoxin-1 is a small iron-sulfur protein who transfers electrons from NADPH through ferredoxin reductase to a terminal cytochrome P450. This specific oxidation/reduction system is located in steroidogenic tissues, and is involved with the synthesis of bile acid and vitamin D. FDX1 takes part in the synthesis of thyroid hormones and transfers electrons from adrenodoxin reductase to the cholesterol side chain cleavage cytochrome P450. FDX1 supports reactions catalyzed by human microsomal P450s- full length CYP17, truncated CYP17, and truncated CYP21. In addition to the FDX1 at the 11q22chromosomal locus, there are pseudogenes located on chromosomes 20 and 21.

TES also called Testin is a tumor suppressor protein which is involved in cell adhesion, cell spreading and in the restructuring of the actin cytoskeleton. TES protein localizes to cell-cell contacts and actin stress fibres, and interacts with a diversity of cytoskeletal proteins such as Zyxin, Mena, VASP, Talin and Actin. The ability of TES to associate with alpha-actinin, paxillin and Zyxin is dependent on the conformational form of the protein.

GMFB is part of the GMF subfamily of the larger actin-binding protein ADF family. GMFB is phosphorylated after phorbol ester stimulation, and is crucial for the nervous system. GMFB causes brain cell differentiation, stimulates neural regeneration and inhibits tumor cell proliferation. GMFB overexpression in astrocytes results in the increase of BDNF production. GMFB expression is increased by exercise, thus BDNF is important for exercise-induction of BDNF.

KRT20 is a member of the keratin family. The keratins are intermediate filament proteins responsible for the structural integrity of epithelial cells and are subdivided into cytokeratins and hair keratins. The type I cytokeratins consist of acidic proteins which are arranged in pairs of heterotypic keratin chains. This cytokeratin is a major cellular protein of mature enterocytes and goblet cells and is specifically expressed in the gastric and intestinal mucosa. The type I cytokeratin genes are clustered in a region of chromosome 17q12-q21.

Prolactin inducible protein (PIP) is a 17kDa glycoprotein existing in human seminal plasma. PIP is synthesized as a 146 amino acid long polypeptide exhibiting high sequence similarity with mouse submaxillary gland with a single glycosylation site. The precise biological functions of PIP are still ambiguous but various functions have been assigned to PIP due its existence at high concentration in biological fluids. PIP binds to various proteins such as fibrinogen, actin, keratin, myosin and tropomyosin. PIP is also expressed in pathological conditions of the mammary gland and in some exocrine tissues, such as the lacrimal, salivary and sweat glands. Due to PIP’s association with secretory cell differentiation, it has been used in diagnostic evaluation of tumors of breast, salivary gland, and skin.

GH is a member of the somatotropin/prolactin family of hormones which play an important role in growth control. The gene, along with four other related genes, is located at the growth hormone locus on chromosome 17 where they are interspersed in the same transcriptional orientation; an arrangement which is thought to have evolved by a series of gene duplications. The five genes share a remarkably high degree of sequence identity. Alternative splicing generates additional isoforms of each of the five growth hormones, leading to further diversity and potential for specialization. This particular family member is expressed in the pituitary but not in placental tissue as is the case for the other four genes in the growth hormone locus. Mutations in or deletions of the gene lead to growth hormone deficiency and short stature.

Homeobox C11 (HOXC11) is a member of the Abd-B homeobox family. The homeobox genes encode well conservedfamily of transcription factors that play a vital role in morphogenesis in all multicellular organisms. HOXC11is one of numerous homeobox HOXC genes placed in a cluster on chromosome 12. HOXC11 attaches to a promoterelement of the lactase-phlorizin hydrolase. HOXC11 also takes part in early intestinal development. An alternativelyspliced variant encoding a shorter isoform has been defined however, its full-length nature has not been determined.

BETV4 is primarily expressed in mature birch (Betula verrucosa) pollen and Causes an allergic reaction in human. BETV4 is a calcium-binding protein of 2-EF-hand type, which is exists in pollen of various plant species. This cross-reactivity can serve as a marker allergen for plant polysensitization.

Sperm Associated Antigen 7 (SPAG7) is comprised of 1 R3H domain. SPAG7 is detected in fetal brain and localized in the nucleus.

GroEL, HSP60 is a chaperonin located in the mitochondria which is responsible for the transportation & refolding of proteins from the cytoplasm directly into the mitochondrial matrix. GroEL is regulated by the HSP10 cochaperonin, which is a single heptameric protein ring having a molecular mass of 10 kDa which form a unique complex with HSP60. HSP10, GroES coordinates the ATPase activity of the HSP60 subunits in order to allow the release of bound polypeptide in a manner that is productive for its correct folding.

EFNB1 is a member of the Eph family. The cell-surface proteins Ephrins split into two groups, ephrin-A and ephrin-B, based on their structure and function and perform as ligands for Eph receptors. The transmembrane EFNB1 proteins have conserved cytoplasmic tyrosine residues that are phosphorylated upon interaction with an EphB receptor. In addition, EFNB1 transduces outside-in signals by C-terminal protein interfaces which influence integrin-mediated cell attachment and migration.

The OmpA protein is one of the main outer-membrane proteins of a large array of Gram-negative bacteria such as A.salmonicida, Shigella dysenteriae and E.coli.OmpA’s major physiological functions include maintenance of the structural integrity and morphology of the cells and porin activity, as well as a role in conjugation and bacteriophage binding.Achromogenic atypical Aeromonas salmonicida is the causative agent of goldfish ulcer disease.Virulence of this bacterium is associated with the production of a paracrystalline outer membrane A-layer protein.The species specific structural gene for the monomeric form of A-protein was cloned into a pET-3d plasmid in order to express and produce a recombinant form of the protein in E.coli BL21(DE3). The induced protein was isolated from inclusion bodies by a simple solubilization-renaturation procedure and purified by ion exchange chromatography on Q-Sepharose to over 95% pure monomeric protein.Recombinant A-protein was compared by biochemical, immunological and molecular methods with the A-protein isolated from atypical A.salmonicida bacterial cells by the glycine and the membrane extraction methods.

Wheat Gliadin and related gluten components from barley, rye and possibly oats can cause an abnormal immune response called Celiac disease which is a chronic gastrointestinal disorder. Celiac disease characteristics are flattening of the jejunal mucosa and intestinal lesions of variable severity in hereditarily inclined individuals. Even though Celiac disease is not a classic autoimmune disease it is related to anti-tissue transglutaminase antibodies and gliadin antibodies tests are most recommended in screening populations at risk for CD and other gluten-sensitive enteropathies. In the past, serologic tests for gliadin antibodies usually were not very precise and were not enough for accurate diagnosis due to missing deamidated epitopes within the authentic gliadin fraction traditionally used in diagnostic test kits. ProSpec's deamidated Gliadin isoform matches to the deamidated neo-epitopes, which in the natural antigen are formed by transglutaminase-mediated glutamine side chain deamidation.

CNTF is a polypeptide hormone whose actions appear to be restricted to the nervous system where it promotes neurotransmitter synthesis and neurite outgrowth in certain neuronal populations. The protein is a potent survival factor for neurons and oligodendrocytes and may be relevant in reducing tissue destruction during inflammatory attacks. A mutation in this gene, which results in aberrant splicing, leads to ciliary neurotrophic factor deficiency, but this phenotype is not causally related to neurologic disease. In addition to the predominant monocistronic transcript originating from this locus, the gene is also co-transcribed with the upstream ZFP91 gene. Co-transcription from the two loci results in a transcript that contains a complete coding region for the zinc finger protein but lacks a complete coding region for ciliary neurotrophic factor.
CNTF is a survival factor for various neuronal cell types. Seems to prevent the degeneration of motor axons after axotomy.

Microfibrillar-associated protein 4 (MFAP4) is a member of Fibrinogen protein family and contains 1 fibrinogen C-terminal domain. The MFAP4 protein has similarity to a bovine microfibril-associated protein. MFAP4 has binding specificities for both collagen and carbohydrate. MFAP4 is believed to be an extracellular matrix protein that is involved in cell adhesion or intercellular interactions. MFAP4 deletion was found in 30 of 31 Smith-Magenis syndrome (SMS) patients.

USP14 belongs to the ubiquitin-specific processing (UBP) family of proteases which is a deubiquitinating enzyme (DUB) containing His and Cys domains. USP14 placed in the cytoplasm and cuts the ubiquitin from ubiquitin-fused precursors and ubiquitinylated proteins.a mutation which results in reduced expression of the ortholog of USP14 in mice inhibits growth, develop severe tremors by 2 to 3 weeks of age followed by paralysis and death by 6 to 10 weeks of age.