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ESM1, also knows as, Endothelial cell-specific molecule 1 is a protein encoded by a gene called ESM1 in humans. ESM1 is a secreted protein that is highly expressed in human kidney and lung tissues (in the endothelial cells). There are suggestions regarding the protein’s involvement in endothelium-dependent pathological diseases, due to his regulation that is performed by cytokines.

AKAP7 is a member of the A-kinase anchoring protein (AKAP) family, a group of functionally related proteins which bind to a regulatory subunit (RII) of cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA) and target the enzyme to specific subcellular sections. AKAP7 is expressed in heart, brain, pancreas, lung and skeletal muscle. AKAP7 binds PKA to the plasma membrane, and allows efficient coupling to the L-type calcium channel.

RAET1E is a member of the MHC class I family. MHC class I family contains main histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-related genes positioned in a cluster on chromosome 6q24.2-q25.3. RAET1E and RAET1G protein are different from other RAET1 proteins since they have type I membrane-spanning sequences at their C termini instead glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor sequences.RAET1E acts as a ligand for NKG2D receptor, expressed on the surface of numerous types of immune cells, involves in innate adaptive immune reactions.RAET1E delivers signals to NK cells and advances tumor immune surveillance by inducing the growth of anti-tumor cytotoxic lymphocyte.

Epidermal growth factor has a profound effect on the differentiation of specific cells in vivo and is a potent mitogenic factor for a variety of cultured cells of both ectodermal and mesodermal origin. The EGF precursor is believed to exist as a membrane-bound molecule which is proteolytically cleaved to generate the 53-amino acid peptide hormone that stimulates cells to divide. EGF stimulates the growth of various epidermal and epithelial tissues in vivo and in vitro and of some fibroblasts in cell culture.

Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit J (EIF3J) is a member of the EIF-3 subunit J family. EIF3 has a crucial role in binding of initiator methionyl-tRNA and mRNA to the 40S ribosomal subunit to produce the 40S initiation complex. EIF3J binds to the aminoacyl (A) site and mRNA access channel of the 40S subunit, setting EIF3J directly in the ribosomal decoding center. In addition, EIF3J interacts with eIF1A and reduces 40S subunit affinity for mRNA. An elevated affinity for mRNA is restored upon enlistment of initiator tRNA, despite the fact EIF3J remains in the mRNA-binding cleft in the presence of tRNA.

Nuclear receptor binding factor 2 (NRBF2) which works as transcriptional activator, modulates transcriptional activation by target nuclear receptors.

SAA4 is a constitutively expressed protein which is a member of the SAA family. SAA4 is a major acute phase reactant and an apolipoprotein of the HDL complex. SAA4 is constitutively expressed only in humans and mice; it is connected almost completely with lipoproteins of the high density range. The physiological function of SAA4 is unknown, and its serum concentration has no association with those of other major apolipoproteins. SAA4 mRNA and protein occurrence in macrophage derived foam cells of coronary and carotid arteries implied a specific role of human SAA4 during inflammation including atherosclerosis.

RAB32 is a member of the small GTPase superfamily. RAB32 controls ER calcium management and disturbs the specific enhancement of calnexin on the MAM (mitochondria-associated membrane), however avoids affecting the ER distribution of protein-disulfide isomerase and mitofusin-2. Furthermore, RAB32 regulates the targeting of PKA (cAMP-dependent protein kinase) to mitochondrial and ER membranes and by inactivation or overexpression enhances the phosphorylation of Drp1 and Bad. Using a combination of its functions as a regulator of MAM properties and a PKA-anchoring protein, the activity and expression level of RAB32 define the speed of apoptosis onset.

There are four mitochondrial proteins composing the enzyme system for cleavage of glycine (glycine cleavage system): P protein, H protein, T protein, and L protein. GCSH is the H protein. GCSH transfers the methylamine group of glycine from the P protein to the T protein. Mutations in this gene results in nonketotic hyperglycinemia (NKH).

Syntaxin 3 (STX3) is a member of the syntaxin family. The syntaxin family members are cellular receptors for transport vesicles which participate in exocytosis in neutrophils. STX3 has a significant role in the growth of neurites and functions as a direct target for omega-6 arachidonic acid. STX3 is steered to the apical membrane of epithelial cells where it forms clusters and is vital in establishing and maintaining polarity required for protein trafficking involving vesicle fusion and exocytosis.

CDKN2A Interacting Protein N-Terminal Like (CDKN2AIPNL) is a part of the CARF family.

Collapsin response mediator proteins (CRMPs) are cytosolic phosphoproteins involved in neuronal differentiation as well as axonal guidance. CRMP2 was previously shown to mediate the repulsive effect of Sema3A on axons and to participate in axonal specification. The X-ray crystal structure of murine CRMP1 was determined at 2.1 resolution and demonstrates that CRMP1 is a bilobed ‘lung-shaped’ protein forming a tetrameric assembly.

SQSTM1 is an adapter protein which binds ubiquitin and mediates the activation of NFKB1 by TNF-a, NGF and IL-1. SQSTM1 is involved in titin/TTN downstream signaling in muscle cells. SQSTM1 controls signaling cascades through ubiquitination. SQSTM1 participates in cell differentiation, apoptosis, immune response and regulation of K(+) channels. Mutations in UBA domain of the SQSTM1 protein cause Paget’s disease because the UBA is essential for aggregate sequestration and cell survival.

EDF1 controls endothelial cell differentiation. EDF1 has a role as a bridging protein that interconnects regulatory proteins and the basal transcriptional machinery, thus modulating the transcription of genes that take part in endothelial differentiation. EDF1 binds calmodulin through its IQ domain and controls nitric oxide synthase activity via calmodulin sequestration in the cytoplasm. EDF1 is localized in adult liver, heart, adipose tissues, intestine and pancreas.

Hematological and neurological expressed 1-like ( HN1L) is a member of the HN1 family.HN1L is anticipated to participate in embryo development. HN1L is expressed in a variety of tissues for example :liver, kidney, prostate, testis and uterus at different levels.

Vesicle-Associated Membrane Protein 7 (VAMP7) is a member of the synaptobrevin family. VAMP7 is a transmembrane protein, which is a member of the soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) family. VAMP7 is involved in the targeting and/or fusion of transport vesicles to their target membrane during transport of proteins from the early endosome to the lysosome. VAMP7 localizes to late endosomes and lysosomes and is involved in the fusion of transport vesicles to their target membranes. VAMP7 is essential for heterotypic fusion of late endosomes with lysosomes and homotypic lysosomal fusion. It is also necessary for calcium regulated lysosomal exocytosis. In addition, VAMP7 is involved in the export of chylomicrons from the endoplasmic reticulum to the cis Golgi. Furthermore, VAMP7 is needed for exocytosis of mediators during eosinophil and neutrophil degranulation, and target cell killing by natural killer cells.

RPA-interacting protein isoform d (RPAIN) is a single-stranded-DNA binding protein which participates in various eukaryotic DNA processes such as replication, repair and recombination. RPAIN interacting protein has been indicated as an adapter protein that is involved in RPA nuclear import instead of the prototypical importin proteins that normally mediate nuclear import. RPAIN is mainly expressed in pancreas, kidney, muscle, liver, lung, placenta, brain, heart, leukocytes, colon, intestine, ovary, testis, prostate, thymus and spleen.

ARL2BP is an effector of ADP-ribosylation factor-like 2(ARL2) which is vital for nuclear retention of STAT3. The ARL2BP protein binds to ARL2.GTP with high affinity but does not interact with ARL2.GDP, activated ARF, or RHO proteins. Though primarily cytosolic, ARL2BP can enter the mitochondria and bind the adenine nucleotide transporter while bound to ARL2. Accordingly, it may also be involved in mitochondria transport and apoptosis.

Carcinoembryonic Antigen-Related Cell Adhesion Molecule 3, also known as CEACAM3, is a member of the immunoglobulin super family. The genes in this family encode cell adhesion proteins, which are expressed at higher levels in tumorous tissues rather than in normal tissues. CEACAM3 plays a significant part in the clearance of pathogens through the innate immune system. In addition, CEACAM3 is accountable for RAC1 stimulation in the course of pathogen phagocytosis.

RAB17 is a member of the small GTPase superfamily which are found in several intracellular compartments and have a significant regulatory part in membrane trafficking. RAB17 regulates traffic through the apical recycling endosome, which indicates that RAB17 has a role in polarized arrangement in epithelial cells.

Odd-Skipped Related Transcription Factor 2, also know as OSR2 belongs to the Odd C2H2-type zinc-finger protein family. OSR2 is a mammalian homolog of the Drosophila odd-skipped family of transcription factors.

Fibroblast Growth Factors (FGFs) comprise a family of at least eighteen structurally realted proteins that are involved in a multitude of physiological and pathological cellular processes, including cell growth, differentation, angiogenesis, wound healing and tumorgenesis. The biological activities of the FGFs are mediated by a family if type I transmembrane tyrosine kinases which undergo dimerization and autophosphorylation after ligand binding. Four distinct genes encoding closely related FGF receptors, FGFR-1to -4 are known. Multiple forms of FGFR-1 to -3 are generated by alternative splicing of the mRNAs. A frequent splicing event involving FGFR-1 and -2 results in receptors containing all three Ig domains, referred to as the alpha isoform, or only IgII and IgIII, referred to as the ? isoform. Only the alpha isoform has been identified for FGFR-3 and FGFR-4. Additional splicing events for FGFR-1 to -3, involving the C-terminal half of the IgIII domain encoded by two mutually exclusive alternative exons, generate FGF receptors with alternative IgIII domains (IIIb and IIIc). A IIIa isoform which is a secreted FGF binding protein containing only the N-terminal half of the IgIII domain plus some intron sequences has also been reported for FGFR-1. Mutations in FGFR-1 to -3 have been found in patients with birth defects involving craniosynostosis.

MOB Kinase Activator 1B (MOB1B) is similar to the yeast Mob1 protein. Yeast Mob1 binds Mps1p, which is a protein kinase vital for spindle pole body duplication and mitotic checkpoint regulation.

ST13 is an adaptor protein (co-chaperone) that mediates the association of HSP70 & HSP90 and appears in early receptor complexes. ST13 plays a role in the assembly process of glucocorticoid receptor, which requires the assistance of multiple molecular chaperones. The expression of ST13 is downregulated in colorectal carcinoma tissue signifying that is candidate tumor suppressor gene. Through common binding to both Hsp70 and Hsp90, ST13 functions as an adaptor that can integrate Hsp70 and Hsp90 interactions. The expression of ST13 decreases in colorectal cancer tissue compared with that in adjacent normal tissue. ST13 is mostly expressed in colorectal epithelia and adenocarcinoma cells. ST13 functions to promote the efficiency of glucocorticoid receptor maturation in cells. The expression levels of the ST13 gene were significantly decreased in primary tumors compared with adjacent mucosa.